KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AND TOPICAL ANALYZED QUESTION AND ANSWER.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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PAPER 1 

SECTION A

1. Give two unwritten sources of information on History and Government.

• Oral traditions/oral sources/riddles/myths
• Archaeology/paleontology
• Genetics
• Linguistics
• Anthropology

2. What was the main reason for the migration of the Eastern Bantu from Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period.

• Due to attacks by the Galla/attacks

3. Give two reasons why Kenyan Communities fought against each other during the pre-colonial period.

• Competition for land for cultivation/settlement.
• Competition for water/pasture.
• To demonstrate their military power.
• To raid for cattle.

4. Identify the two main item of trade from the interior of Kenya during the long distance trade.

• Ivory
• Slaves

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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5. Identify two contributions made by the early Christian missionaries in the field of education in Kenya.

• They set up schools/encouraged Africans to go to school.
• They taught Africans how to read/write.
• They taught Africans vocational skills
• They translated the Bible into African languages
• They wrote books/dictionary

6. Give the meaning of the term ‘national integration’

• It is the process of bringing together people of diverse backgrounds in a country.

7. What constitutional amendment made Kenya return to a multi-party state?

• Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in 1991.

8. Name the document which contain the Rights of the child in Kenya.

• The Children’s Act of 2001.

9. Identify two economic benefits of the Kenya Uganda railway during the colonial period.

• It facilitated the transportation of goods/services.
• It led to the development of urban centers.
• It facilitated the movement of traders/promoted trade.
• It opened up the interior for economic development. e.g. plantation agriculture and industry
• It led to the creation of employment opportunities.
• It led to development of other forms of transport & communication e.g. roads and telecommunication
• It was a major source of revenue for the colonial authority.

10. Give two ways through which the white settlers acquired land in Kenya during the colonial period.

• The colonial government provided land to the settlers.
• The white settlers bought land from the colonial government.
• The colonial government passed land legislations that encouraged white settlers to own land.

11. State two problems faced by trade union movement during the colonial period in Kenya.

• It had insufficient funds to run its activities.
• The colonial government harassed its leaders.
• Constant wrangling among the leaders which weakened the movement/poor leadership
• Most people did not support trade unions due to ignorance.

12. State one change introduced by the Lyttleton constitution of 1954 that benefitted the Africans in the struggle for independence.

• It led to the establishment of a multi-racial council of ministers to replace the Governor’s executive council.
• The ban on political organizations was lifted/allowed political organizations to operate at district level.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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13. What was the main contribution of Thomas Joseph Mboya to the History of Kenya?

• He led/organized the trade union movement.

14. State the main functions of parliament in Kenya.

• To make laws.

15. Give one member of the AEMO at its inception in 1957.

• Daniel Arap Moi
• Masinde Muliro
• Lawrence Oguda
• James Muimi/James Nzau
• Tom Mboya
• Ronald Ngala
• Benard Mate
• Oginga Odinga

16. Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of 8:4:4 education system in Kenya.

• Mackay Report/Commission.

17. Give two external sources of Government revenue in Kenya.

• Loans
• Grants.
• Donations

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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SECTION B

18. [a]State five economic activities of the Borana during the pre-colonial period.

• They participated in trade.
• They kept livestock.
• They hunted wild animals.
• They were gatherers.
• They practiced crafts.
• They practiced fishing.
• They made iron tools.
• They grew food crops.

[b].Describe the social organization of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period.

• The lowest social unit was the family which comprised of the father,his wife/wives and children.
• Several related families formed a clan.
• The Maasai were organized into age groups/age sets which were made up of people who were circumcised at the same period.
• There was a warrior class whose duty was to defend the community/conduct raids.
• The Maasai believed in the existence of a supreme God Enkai, who was the creator of the universe.
• There was a religious leader,Laibon who mediated between the community and Enkai.
• They offered sacrifices to God in special places/celebrated the Eunoto ceremony that marked graduation into Moranhood.
• They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whom they revered.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

19.[a] State three reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan Coast in the 15th Century.

• They wanted to find a sea route to India.
• They wanted to spread Christianity/reduce the Muslim influence.
• They wanted to take part in the Coastal trade.
• To control strategic points on the East African Coast from other European rivals/to act as a supply basis for their sailing vessels.
• Due to desire for exploration/adventure.

[b]. Explain six effects of the Portuguese rule on the East African Coast.

• The Portuguese built Fort Jesus for defense purpose which later became a tourist attraction.
• Their harsh and cruel manner of suppressing rebellions led to loss of lives.
• They introduced new food crops which are staple foods for many Kenyans.
• Constant rebellions against the Portuguese rule interfered which the trading activities leading to its decline.
• The coastal towns that resisted Portuguese rule were destroyed and left in ruins.
• They educated the coastal people on how to use animal manure in farming and thus increasing crop yields.
• Some words borrowed from Portuguese language were used to enrich Kiswahili language.
• The Portuguese imposed heavy taxation which impoverished the coastal people.
• They fostered good relations between the EA coast and India.

20. [a] Identify three methods used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya.

• Signing treaties between colonial agents and African rulers/collaboration.
• Use of military attacks against unfriendly communities/use of force.
• Establishing administrative stations/operational basis.
• Offering gifts to friendly chiefs/treachery.
• Use of missionaries to pacify Africans through preaching.

[b]. Explain six results of the Nandi resistance against British occupation.

• The land belonging to the Nandi was alienated for white settlement.
• The Nandi lost their independence as the British established their rule
• The Nandi were resettled in reserves where they could not carry out their farming activities.
• They were forced to live as squatters on European farms where they provided cheap labour
• There was massive loss of life as the British forces raided/carried out punitive expeditions.
• The Nandi lost property which was either destroyed or confiscated by the British.
• The Nandi lost their military superiority in the region as they were subdued by the British.
• The Nandi warriors were conscripted into the colonial security forces.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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21.[a] State five demands made by the East African Association (EAA) to the British Colonial Government in Kenya.

• They demanded for the return of alienated land.
• They wanted the colonial government to abolish hut/poll tax.
• They demanded for the abolition of the Kipande.
• They demanded for better working and living conditions.
• They demanded that elections to the legislative council be on a common roll.
• They demanded for the abolition of forced labour.
• They demanded for more education for Africans.
• They demanded an end to compulsory destocking.
• They demanded for the revocation of the colonial status in Kenya.

[b]. Explain five factors that promoted the rise of African nationalism in Kenya after 1945.

• Acquisition of Western Education by many Africans enabled them to understand political developments at international level and forcefully demanded for independence.
• The experiences of the ex-soldiers in the second world war made them realize that Europeans were not superior hence the demand for self rule.
• The realization by Britain that colonies were expensive to administer hence the need to grant them self rule/The rise to power of the British Labour Party.
• The granting of independence to India in 1947 inspired Africans to demand for political independence.
• The support given by pan-Africanists in demanding for political independence gave Africans confidence to press for political freedom.
• The decolonization policy by the United Nations inspired African nationalists to press on for independence.
• The failure by the colonial government to reward the ex-world war II soldiers increased the agitation for independence.
• The signing of the Atlantic charter in 1941.

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SECTION C

22.[a] State three circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizen to be denied the right to life.

• When defending one self/property.
• When effecting a lawful arrest.
• When preventing escape of a lawfully detained person.
• When preventing a person from committing a crime/felony.
• In a situation of war.
• When suppressing a riot/rebellion/mutiny.

[b]. Explain six civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

• A responsible citizen pays tax to enable the government meet its financial obligation.
• To participate in community development activities to improve the welfare of people in the community.
• To participate in the democratic process by electing leaders/being elected to ensure good governance.
• To obey laws so as to enhance peace in the society.
• Takes care of the environment in order to promote healthy living.
• Prevents/fights corruption to promote proper utilization of resources by all.
• Promotes/protects the rights and freedom of all people in society for harmonious co-existence.
• Promotes the rule of law by reporting wrong doers/law breakers to the police.
• Participate in National debates.

23.[a] Give three reasons why general elections are important in Kenya.

• They provide Kenyans with an opportunity to choose political leaders.
• They enable Kenyans to exercise their democratic rights.
• They offer alternative ideas of running the government through different political parties manifestos/removal of leaders who have failed.
• It is a constitutional requirement.
• They make elected leaders/prospective leaders work hard to ensure that they are re-elected/elected.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 1

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[b]. Explain six functions of the body in charge of elections in Kenya.

• To maintain and revise the voters register to ensure it is up to date.
• To prepare, distribute and ensure safety of election materials/polling stations.
• To conduct voter education in the country in order to prepare citizens for the voting exercise.
• To conduct and supervise elections so as to ensure they are free and fair/appoint and train election officials.
• To conduct language proficiency tests for candidates interested in vying for different posts before nomination is carried out.
• To announce and provide a time-table to be followed during the election period.
• To receive nomination papers from the candidates cleared to vie by their political parties.
• To announce the results and declare the winners for the respective seats.
• Divides/delimits, names and review of electoral areas.

24.[a] Identify three social functions of local authorities.

• They issue trade licenses.
• They provide market areas.
• They provide employment opportunities.
• They approve building plans/provision of housing services.
• They impose cess/other levies.
• Provision of education services e.g. nursery and Primary education.
• Provision of health/sanitation services e.g. hospitals & mortuary services.
• Provision of entertainment facilities e.g. stadiums, social hall & parks.
• Provision of security and fire brigade services.

[b]. Explain six challenges facing local authorities in Kenya.

• Most local authorities have inadequate funds hence not able to provide quality services.
• Increased population has led to congestion in urban centers hence overstretching the social amenities.
• Corruption/mismanagement of funds by some officers has made it difficult for the local authorities to pay its employees and provide quality services.
• Some local authorities are too small to be able to sustain themselves.
• Influential politicians interfere with the running of the local authorities hence making it difficult for them to operate efficiently/lack of authority from central government.
• Increased crime rate has led to vandalization of properties belonging to local authorities hence leading to heavy losses. .
• The presence of Street families/children has contributed to insecurity/puts strain on provision of social services
• Slums have mushroomed which have interfered with proper planning leading to poor service delivery/poverty eradication.
• Poor disposal of waste has resulted to environmental degradation leading to outbreaks of diseases/epidemics.
• Shortage of qualified manpower/personnel.
• Traffic congestion.

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KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AND TOPICAL ANALYZED QUESTION AND ANSWER.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Give two archaeological sources of information on History and Government.

• Tools/utensils used by man
• Weapons used by man
• Settlements/ruins of the past/rock painting;
• Remains of human/animals;
• Plant remains
• Garments/ornaments
• Coins used by man

2. Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age period.

• For companionship;
• For security;
• To share resources;
• To help one another

3. Identify two ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa.

• through migration;
• through trade;
• through intermarriages;
• through wars

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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4. State two limitations of using animal transport.

• Animals are affected by poor health/injuries/attacks by wild animals;
• Rugged terrain/extreme weather conditions hampers the movement of animals;
• Animal transport has limited carrying capacity;
• Animal transport is time consuming/slow;
• Some animals are stubborn;
• Animal transport is limited to daytime and not night time.

5. Why was silent trade practised by Trans-Saharan traders?

• Due to language barrier/lack of common language.

6. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe.

• Existence of iron ore.

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7. What was the main function of the Council of elders among Africa societies during the pre-colonial period?

• They mediated/sealed disputes/made peace in the community.

8. State two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by European powers.

• The need to abolish slave trade;
• The desire to spread Christianity/protect missionaries
• The desire to spread western civilization/education
• The need to settle surplus population.

9. Name one African country that was not colonized by the European powers.

• Ethiopia
• Liberia

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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10. State two roles played by the African Chiefs in the British Colonial administration in Nigeria.

• They represented the colonial government at the local level;
• They recruited labour for public works;
• They collected taxes for the colonial government;
• They communicated colonial government policies to the people;
• They tried/heard cases in the local courts.

11. Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization.

• The British South Africa Company (BSAC).

12. Give main reason for the formation of the League of Nations in I919.

• To promote/sustain world peace/security.

13. Give two economic reasons for the growth of African nationalism in Ghana.

• The order by the colonial government that Africans uproot cocoa trees affected by diseases;
• The colonial government denied Africans trading licenses;
• African farmers earned low incomes from the sale of cocoa to European firms;
• High unemployment rate for the Africans.
• Sharp increase in prices of goods.

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14. Outline two factors that enabled Tanzania to maintain national unity since independence.

• Adherence to the policy of socialism (ujamaa);
• Application of the constitution;
• Use of Kiswahili as a national language;
• Leadership that was willing to embrace changes/good leadership

15. What is ‘veto power’ as used in by the United Nations

• A decision cannot be adopted if any of the permanent members of the Security Council votes against it.

16. Name one major political party in the united states of America.

• Republican party;
• Democratic party.

17. Name one type of election held for the House of Common in Britain.

• General election;
• By-election.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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SECTION B

18.[a] Give three physical characteristics of the Homo erectus.

• had upright posture/bipedal
• had protruding jaws;
• Was about 5 feet tall/1.52m;
• had slopping forehead.
• had deep set eyes/deep eye socket;
• Had hairy body

[b]. Explain six cultural practices of Homo Sapiens during the New Stone Age.

• Made microlithic tools which were small and more efficient than the earlier tools,
• Lived in rock shelters/caves/huts to protect themselves from harsh weather/wild animals;
• Decorated shelters with animal paintings/hunting scenes;
• Began to domesticate animals/plants in order to ensure regular food supply;
• Developed speech which made communication easier;
• Developed government by setting up rules/laws;
• Developed religion as evidence by the practice of burying the dead with their possessions.
• They practised simple Art and Craft work/pottery/basketry/weaving;
• They started a settled way of life where they established villages;
• They wore a variety of garments/clothings
• They decorated bodies with red ochre/wore ornaments.

19.[a] State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy.

• Coal is bulky to transport;
• Coal causes pollution;
• Mining of coal can lead to injuries/death;
• It is a non-renewable source of energy;
• Coal was expensive to mine and transport.

[b] Explain six effects of the scientific inventions on industry.

• Machines have been improved which produce goods on a large scale;
• Alternative sources of energy have been developed for use in industries;
• Invention of steam engine has improved transportation of raw materials to the industries/finished goods to the market; ,
• The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire knowledge/information about industrialization;
• There has been loss of lives through industrial accidents;
• Data processing/storage has been improved by use of computers;
• Robots have been developed which have reduced over reliance on human labour/reduced labour costs.
• Development of telecommunication has led to buying/selling of goods on the internet/e-commerce;
• Research has enabled industries to recycle waste products in manufacturing usable goods.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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20.[a] State three factors that contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade.

• availability of trade items;
• demand for slaves in the New World;
• availability of sailing ships;
• the discovery of the compass;
• availability of fire arms;
• existence of trade routes/trade links.

[b].Explain six negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on African Communities.

• There was increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves;
• Many Africans lost their live during the slave raids;
• Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods;
• There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones wereseparated/sold to slavery;
• Some kingdoms declined due to continuous attacks from their neighbors in search of trading items:
• There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade items;
• It contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade as many people found it more profitable;
• There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken away into slavery.
• There was serious depopulation in west and parts of Central Africa due to slave trade;
• Trade exposed west Africa to new diseases;
• There was fear and insecurity due to frequent raids on African settlements;
• Weakened African Communities – could not resist colonization;
• African lost confidence in their chiefs who sold them to slave dealers.

21.[a] State three factors that enabled Europeans powers to colonise Africa in the late 19th Century.

• Disunity among African communities;
• Superior weapons used by European armies;
• Weak African communities due to wars/natural calamities;
• Some communities collaborated with the Europeans;
• African ignorance about Europeans intentions;

[b] Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on African communities.

• Africans lost independence as Europeans established colonies;
• African economies weakened by the European exploitation of the resources;
• The African system of government were replaced by European system;
• Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies;
• Modem African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition;
• Some African communities were split by the boundaries which were drawn during the partition;
• Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlements.
• Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted occupation.
• African cultures were undermined through the introduction of Western education/spread of Christianity/health;
• Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which increased over-dependence on Europe;
• Intensification of warfare among African communities;
• Infrastructure was developed to link major mining and agricultural areas;
• Introduction of new policies e.g. forced labour, taxation which were unpopular among Africans.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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SECTION C

22.[a] Give three functions of the Kabaka of Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period.

• He was the Commander in-Chief of the armed forces;
• Kabaka appointed/dismissed Saza chiefs/senior government official;
• He was head of traditional religion;
• He was the head of judiciary/final court of appeal;
• He awarded honours to officers who offered distinguished service;

[b]. Describe the political organisation of the Shona during the pre-colonial period.

• The Shona were ruled by an emperor/King who had absolute authority over the subjects;
• The emperors position was hereditary so as to reduce succession disputes;
• The emperor was assisted in the administration by the queen mother, the queen sister, army commander, head drummer, head door keeper or head cook;
• There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the emperor.;
• There empire was divided into provinces which were headed by Provincial/lesser kings;
• The provinces were divided into Chiefdoms ruled by chief;
• Under the chief were headmen who were in charge of the villages.
• The empire had a standing army whose main duty was to defend/expand the empire.
• The king/emperor was symbol of unity as he was semi-divine.
• there existed priests who acted as spies for the emperor/king.

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23.[a] Identify five ways through which the United Nations (U.N) promotes good governance in the world.

• Sends observers to monitor national elections in various states.
• Provides financial/logistical assistance to countries during national elections;
• Helps countries to attain independence/establish democratic governments;
• Sends peace keeping forces to war torn countries;
• Ensures representation of member states in the General Assembly;
• Arbitrates disputes between countries/warring groups:
• Monitors/condemns violation of human rights.

[b]. Explain five achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) since its formation. Provided a platform where member countries would speak with one voice in international fora.;

• Has encouraged member countries to articulate their national interests before those of the super powers;
• Enables the member countries to exert their voting power/influence in world affairs.;
• Hastened the attainment of independence to those countries that were still under colonial rule;
• Has promoted peace/security by encouraging member countries to observe neutrality in super power conflicts;
• Has played a key role in disarmament by condemning the arms race.
• Has promoted the creation of a new international economic order by encouraging member countries to trade with any of the two super power blocks financial assistance from both power blockers.
• Has given funds to the needy countries through a fund, created to address demanding circumstances.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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24.[a] State three objectives for the formation of Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

• to cooperate in creating a conducive environment for foreign/cross border/domestic investment;
• to cooperate in the promotion of peace/security/stability among member states:
• to strengthen relations between COMESA members and the rest of the world/adopt a common position in international fora;
• to cooperate in realizing the objectives of the African economic community;
• to promote a more balanced/harmonious development of its production/marketing structures;
• to promote joint development in all economic fields inorder to raise the living standards of the people.

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[b]. Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.(COMESA).

• Poor transport network has hampered movement of goods/services between member states;
• The member countries produce similar goods thus limiting the market;
• Some member countries belong to other regional economic blocks/hence not fully committed to COMESA/divided loyalty;
• Civil wars in some member states hamper smooth flow of goods due to insecurity hence lowering the volume of trade;
• Border disputes among some member states make it difficult for them to cooperate;
• Some member states prefer trading with their former colonial masters thus posing stiff competition to products from COMESA region;
• Failure of some member states to harmonize tariffs has undermined free flow of goods /services;
• Withdrawal of some member states has undermined the planning/financing of COMESA operations:
• Member states pursue their national interests thereby working against the objectives of COMESA;
• Personality differences between the leaders e.g. Museveni and Albashir;
• Quarrels over trading rights e.g. Egypt and Kenya;
• Natural calamities e.g. floods, drought leading to massive food shortages and famine

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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