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SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUND

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUND SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUND:A.SULPHUR (S) Sulphur is an element in Group VI(Group 16)of the Periodic table . It has atomic number 16...

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

WATER AND HYDROGEN

HomeNotesHOMESCIENCE NOTESCLOTHING AND TEXTILE

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE:Textile fibres

Are used for making clothing materials and fabrics that are used for.

  • covering and protecting body from extreme weather conditions to maintain body temperature.
  • keep us dry when wet e.g towels.
  • to look attractive
  • Fabrics are made from yarn.
  • Yarn is from fibres twisted together woven/spun to make threads,

NB:- Source of fibres

  • natural
  • man made
  • artificial

Classification of fibres

Def:- hair like unit of raw materials from which cloths are made, e.g – cloth

  • wool
  • silk
  • polyester
  • Natural fibres
  • Man made fibres

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

Natural fibre

From parts of plants e.f

  • cotton
  • flax
  • animals e.g sheep and silkworm

Go through many processes then are spun or twisted together making yarn that makes fabric e.g cotton, linen, wool.

  • Man made fibres
    1. Produced through chemical treatment of raw materials e.g petroleum extracts and by products of coal.
    2. They are treated chemically to form fine filament/threads, are twisted together and stretched giving them strength and elasticity.

Classification using a diagram

 Properties of common textile fibres

Natural fibres

  • Cottone.g gingham, lawn, calinq and flannelette, jinju, poplic, khaki, toweling and corduroy –
  • it is easy to handle,
  • inexpensive,
  • strong and hard wearing so widely used

Uses:

  • for warm wear it is a good conductor of heat, – for making beddings,
  • underwear, it doesn’t generate static electricity,
  • towels and sportsmen it absorbs sweat
  • curtains,
  • hospital bed sheets stands high temperature,
  • upholstery clothing of all kinds,
  • used for making sewing embroidery threads,
  • uniforms because it stands frequent washing and stain removal.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

Desirable properties 

It is absorbent so used for making clothes worn next to the body e.g

  • underwears,
  • nightdresses,
  • sportswear
  • doesn’t generate static electricity,
  • absorbed moisture evaporates fast so makes the fabric dry faster. Therefore it is suitable for  hot climate because it is cool,
  • withstands mild alkalis, detergents and stain removing agents,
  • some are warm because they are treated to make them fluffy in order to trap air,
  • a good conductor of heat,
  • it is strong a strong when wet so can’t be scrubbed,
  • it is mothproof,
  • can be mixed with other fibres to lower the cost and improve wearing quality because it is strong hard weaving and expensive.
  • it stands high temperature so suitable for use in hospitals,
  • it takes dyes readily.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

Undesirable properties

  • develops mildew when left damp for long,
  • gets dirty easily,
  • it creases though when blended with rest it becomes more crease resistant,
  • destroyed by storing aids,
  • shrinks if not treated,
  • lacks luster
  • burns readily when exposed to a flame, – weakened by long exposure to sun.

Physical identification

  • when burnt flares up yellow flame produced leaves grey ash and smells like paper.

NB:- Behaves differently when mixed with others.

  • Linen

From inside stalk of flax plan:  Examples: Damack, toweling, a dress fabric, canvas.  It is stronger

Uses:

  • for table linen table mats, tray clothes,
  • for handkerchiefs and church linen,
  • for button and embroidery thread since it is strong and durable, – quality classes, face towels, scarves.

Desirable properties of linen

  • strong than cotton
  • highly absorbent,
  • it is cool to wear because moisture evaporate faster so suits summer dresses and bed sheets.
  • it is smooth that makes if shiny and attractive,
  • it is a good conductor of heat so suits warm weather,
  • it is resistant to sunlight than cotton so suits making curtains,

Undesirable properties

  • creases easily though can be treated to become crease resistant,
  • grays more readily,
  • develops mildew stains if left damp for long, – weakened by acids and alkalis.

Physical identification of linen

  • flares up,
  • burns with yellow flame, – leaves grey ash.

3) Wool

From fleece of merino sheep.  Can also be from goats, camels and rabbits.

Uses:

for making warm clothing e.g sweaters, suits, jackets, shawls and blankets, overalls.

NB:- Needs special care e.g

  • washing with warm soapy water and maintaining temperature even for making.
  • using a mild detergent,
  • drying flat to prevent stretching,
  • attacked by moths so keep away by using mothballs.

Desirable properties of wool

  • has good elasticity – stretches well and goes to original shape and size,
  • is absorbent – absorb water to 50% without feeling wet,
  • it is warm because of the overlapping scales around fibres,
  • it is wrinkle resistant,
  • is soft, non-inflammable and dyes well.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

Undesirable properties of wool

  • damaged by alkalis so should be washed by mild soap,
  • damaged by rubbing and high temperature,
  • shrinks easily and felts,
  • it shouldn’t be soaked during laundering because it is weak,
  • can pull out of shape,
  • gets mildew stains if stored while damp,
  • attacked by moth and silver fish.

Physical identification of wool

  •  smoulders and turns into black bead
  •   gives smell of burnt hair/feathers.

4) Silk e.g taffeta, chiffer, georgette, orguza, velvet

  • from silkworm,
  • it is soft, warm and strong
  • has long threads and fine,
  • it is expensive.

Uses:

  • dress fabrics, furnishings, shirts, blouses and neckties

Desirable properties of silk

  • it is soft and drapes well,
  • Has a lovely sheen and pleasant to handle therefore suits luxurious underwear,
  • A good insulator, warm in winter and cool in summer,
  • very strong and fine,
  • elastic so wears well and therefore suitable for sewing thread,
  • sheds creases easily so suitable for travel,
  • dyes easily, absorbent.

Undesirable properties of silk

  • sensitive to alkalis, therefore suits mild detergents during laundry,
  • it is weak when wet so shouldn’t be carelessly when washing,
  • it is very strong, its elastic, grease resistant and drapes well, damaged by alkali and acids,
  • non-inflammable,
  • resistant to mildew, fungi and moth,
  • affected by strong sunlight,
  • not easy to remove sweat stains and therefore garments have to be prevented from perspiration.

Physical identification

  • smoulders and runs into a black bead,
  • the bead is crushable,
  • smells like burning hair.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

MAN-MADE FIBRES (ARTIFICIAL FIBRES)

Viscose rayon

  • it is used for various kinds of fabrics,
  • mixed with other fibres e.g wool, cotton to improve qualities, to make outer wear, underwear, linings, table linen and household furnishings,
  • used for a variety of clothes, furnishing carpets and other household items.

Desirable properties of viscose rayon

  • highly absorbent, bends to retain moisture so takes long to dry,
  • a good conductor of heat so cool to wear,
  • weaker when wet,
  • flammable,
  • soft and drapes well,
  • mothproof,
  • mildew proof though develops when wet,
  • strong (very),
  • takes dyes,
  • mellows and rots when exposed to light,
  • weakened b acids but not alkalis,
  • weak when wet and damaged by long exposure to the sun,
  • creases badly and doesn’t shed crease.

Physical identification of viscose rayon

  • burns,
  • leaves grey ash,

SYNTHETIC FIBRES (Are made from petroleum products and natural gases) Nylon

  • from chemicals, air, waste and coal,
  • used in form of continous filament and shape of fibre
  • staple fibre used alone/blended with others e.g wool/cotton.

Desirable properties of nylon

  • not affected by alkalis/weak acids,
  • thermoplastic can be permanently pleated,
  • doesn’t shrinks/stretch, – needs little/no ironing,
  • doesn’t conduct heat,
  • dyes easily,
  • acting in those made of spun nylon, crease
  • resistant so mixed with others to increase resistance,
  • smooth,
  • resists abrasion and when blended with rest it increases their resistance,
  • it is very finer, extremely strong, elastic and light weight,
  • affected by household bleaches,
  • very strong when dry and wet,
  • it is veviatide can be produced in a variety of texture, thickness and finishes,
  • not absorbent,
  • hangs to the body,
  • resistant to moth and mildew,

NB;- stockings, dress fabric, furnishings, lingeries and outwear. e.g of nylon, jersey and satin.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

Physical identification 

  • if burnt it runs away from flame,
  • melts into a hard bead,
  • under microscope it looks like glass rods stretched with parallel wavy lines.

5) Polyester

Desirable qualities of polyester

  • very strong with slightly less strength when wet,
  • easy to launder and dries quickly,
  • needs no ironing/little,
  • crease resistant but can be permanently pleated,
  • smooth, soft and drapes well,
  • not damaged by dry cleaning agents, alkalis and acids of not too much,
  • not damaged by light and sunlight so suits curtains,
  • mothproof and resistant to mildew,
  • flame resistant,
  • has a high affinity of dyes.

Undesirable properties of polyester

  • high temperature damage it and therefore use low ironing temperature,
  • bright / dull depending on desired effect,
  • produces static electricity,
  • resistant to abrasion, heat and sunlight and allusive acids,
  • frays easily,
  • can be blended with other fabrics,
  • only absorbent if blended with other fibres,
  • stain and dirt are easily removed.

Uses: to make dress fabrics, suiting materials and household furnishings e.g jersey, terylene suiting, polyester

Physical identification

  • when burnt it is forced into a hard bead,
  • difficult to light but eventually burns with a yellow flame,
  • give an aromatic smell

Asbestos eg drinsotile

From natural rock;

  • non inflammable,
  • resistant to chemicals, insect and micro-organisms.

Uses:

  • make theatre curtains,
  • protective clothing e.g overalls for fire officers,
  • insulator in manufacture of electric appliance

Acrylics

Desirable properties 

  • drapes well,
  • easy to sew
  • warm and soft,
  • shrink resistant,
  • doesn’t stretch,
  • soft and luxurious,
  • has a low ability to absorb moisture and therefore dries faster,
  • resistant and sheds off creases easily,
  • not harmed by bleaches,
  • not affected by sun so suits curtains,
  • can be permanently pleaded and so can be blended with rest to make them easy to be pleaded, – light in weight,
  • not affected by mildew, moths and makes other fibres mothproof if blended with them, – resistant to soiling,
  • easy to dye,
  • can be blended with other fabrics to add desirable qualities.

Undesirable properties

  • clings to the body because it produces static electricity,

Uses:

  • making warm clothes, sweater, blankets and coats and household furnishings e.g carpets and rugs,

Physical identification

burns leaving a tar like black bead and shrivels away from the flame,

dissolves in concentrated nitric acid.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

ALL HOMESCIENCE NOTES FORM 1-4 WITH TOPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PRIMARY NOTES, SCHEMES OF WORK AND EXAMINATIONS

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