KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AND TOPICAL ANALYZED QUESTION AND ANSWER.
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
PAPER 2
SECTION A
1. Give two archaeological sources of information on History and Government.
- Tools/utensils used by man
- Weapons used by man
- Settlements/ruins of the past/rock painting;
- Remains of human/animals;
- Plant remains
- Garments/ornaments
- Coins used by man
2. Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age period.
- For companionship;
- For security;
- To share resources;
- To help one another
3. Identify two ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa.
- through migration;
- through trade;
- through intermarriages;
- through wars
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
4. State two limitations of using animal transport.
- Animals are affected by poor health/injuries/attacks by wild animals;
- Rugged terrain/extreme weather conditions hampers the movement of animals;
- Animal transport has limited carrying capacity;
- Animal transport is time consuming/slow;
- Some animals are stubborn;
- Animal transport is limited to daytime and not night time.
5. Why was silent trade practised by Trans-Saharan traders?
- Due to language barrier/lack of common language.
6. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe.
- Existence of iron ore.
7. What was the main function of the Council of elders among Africa societies during the pre-colonial period?
- They mediated/sealed disputes/made peace in the community.
8. State two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by European powers.
- The need to abolish slave trade;
- The desire to spread Christianity/protect missionaries
- The desire to spread western civilization/education
- The need to settle surplus population.
9. Name one African country that was not colonized by the European powers.
- Ethiopia
- Liberia
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
10. State two roles played by the African Chiefs in the British Colonial administration in Nigeria.
- They represented the colonial government at the local level;
- They recruited labour for public works;
- They collected taxes for the colonial government;
- They communicated colonial government policies to the people;
- They tried/heard cases in the local courts.
11. Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization.
- The British South Africa Company (BSAC).
12. Give main reason for the formation of the League of Nations in I919.
- To promote/sustain world peace/security.
13. Give two economic reasons for the growth of African nationalism in Ghana.
- The order by the colonial government that Africans uproot cocoa trees affected by diseases;
- The colonial government denied Africans trading licenses;
- African farmers earned low incomes from the sale of cocoa to European firms;
- High unemployment rate for the Africans.
- Sharp increase in prices of goods.
14. Outline two factors that enabled Tanzania to maintain national unity since independence.
- Adherence to the policy of socialism (ujamaa);
- Application of the constitution;
- Use of Kiswahili as a national language;
- Leadership that was willing to embrace changes/good leadership
15. What is ‘veto power’ as used in by the United Nations
- A decision cannot be adopted if any of the permanent members of the Security Council votes against it.
16. Name one major political party in the united states of America.
- Republican party;
- Democratic party.
17. Name one type of election held for the House of Common in Britain.
- General election;
- By-election.
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
SECTION B
18.[a] Give three physical characteristics of the Homo erectus.
- had upright posture/bipedal
- had protruding jaws;
- Was about 5 feet tall/1.52m;
- had slopping forehead.
- had deep set eyes/deep eye socket;
- Had hairy body
[b]. Explain six cultural practices of Homo Sapiens during the New Stone Age.
- Made microlithic tools which were small and more efficient than the earlier tools,
- Lived in rock shelters/caves/huts to protect themselves from harsh weather/wild animals;
- Decorated shelters with animal paintings/hunting scenes;
- Began to domesticate animals/plants in order to ensure regular food supply;
- Developed speech which made communication easier;
- Developed government by setting up rules/laws;
- Developed religion as evidence by the practice of burying the dead with their possessions.
- They practised simple Art and Craft work/pottery/basketry/weaving;
- They started a settled way of life where they established villages;
- They wore a variety of garments/clothings
- They decorated bodies with red ochre/wore ornaments.
19.[a] State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy.
- Coal is bulky to transport;
- Coal causes pollution;
- Mining of coal can lead to injuries/death;
- It is a non-renewable source of energy;
- Coal was expensive to mine and transport.
[b] Explain six effects of the scientific inventions on industry.
- Machines have been improved which produce goods on a large scale;
- Alternative sources of energy have been developed for use in industries;
- Invention of steam engine has improved transportation of raw materials to the industries/finished goods to the market; ,
- The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire knowledge/information about industrialization;
- There has been loss of lives through industrial accidents;
- Data processing/storage has been improved by use of computers;
- Robots have been developed which have reduced over reliance on human labour/reduced labour costs.
- Development of telecommunication has led to buying/selling of goods on the internet/e-commerce;
- Research has enabled industries to recycle waste products in manufacturing usable goods.
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
20.[a] State three factors that contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade.
- availability of trade items;
- demand for slaves in the New World;
- availability of sailing ships;
- the discovery of the compass;
- availability of fire arms;
- existence of trade routes/trade links.
[b].Explain six negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on African Communities.
- There was increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves;
- Many Africans lost their live during the slave raids;
- Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods;
- There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones wereseparated/sold to slavery;
- Some kingdoms declined due to continuous attacks from their neighbors in search of trading items:
- There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade items;
- It contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade as many people found it more profitable;
- There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken away into slavery.
- There was serious depopulation in west and parts of Central Africa due to slave trade;
- Trade exposed west Africa to new diseases;
- There was fear and insecurity due to frequent raids on African settlements;
- Weakened African Communities – could not resist colonization;
- African lost confidence in their chiefs who sold them to slave dealers.
21.[a] State three factors that enabled Europeans powers to colonise Africa in the late 19th Century.
- Disunity among African communities;
- Superior weapons used by European armies;
- Weak African communities due to wars/natural calamities;
- Some communities collaborated with the Europeans;
- African ignorance about Europeans intentions;
[b] Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on African communities.
- Africans lost independence as Europeans established colonies;
- African economies weakened by the European exploitation of the resources;
- The African system of government were replaced by European system;
- Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies;
- Modem African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition;
- Some African communities were split by the boundaries which were drawn during the partition;
- Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlements.
- Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted occupation.
- African cultures were undermined through the introduction of Western education/spread of Christianity/health;
- Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which increased over-dependence on Europe;
- Intensification of warfare among African communities;
- Infrastructure was developed to link major mining and agricultural areas;
- Introduction of new policies e.g. forced labour, taxation which were unpopular among Africans.
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
SECTION C
22.[a] Give three functions of the Kabaka of Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period.
- He was the Commander in-Chief of the armed forces;
- Kabaka appointed/dismissed Saza chiefs/senior government official;
- He was head of traditional religion;
- He was the head of judiciary/final court of appeal;
- He awarded honours to officers who offered distinguished service;
[b]. Describe the political organisation of the Shona during the pre-colonial period.
- The Shona were ruled by an emperor/King who had absolute authority over the subjects;
- The emperors position was hereditary so as to reduce succession disputes;
- The emperor was assisted in the administration by the queen mother, the queen sister, army commander, head drummer, head door keeper or head cook;
- There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the emperor.;
- There empire was divided into provinces which were headed by Provincial/lesser kings;
- The provinces were divided into Chiefdoms ruled by chief;
- Under the chief were headmen who were in charge of the villages.
- The empire had a standing army whose main duty was to defend/expand the empire.
- The king/emperor was symbol of unity as he was semi-divine.
- there existed priests who acted as spies for the emperor/king.
23.[a] Identify five ways through which the United Nations (U.N) promotes good governance in the world.
- Sends observers to monitor national elections in various states.
- Provides financial/logistical assistance to countries during national elections;
- Helps countries to attain independence/establish democratic governments;
- Sends peace keeping forces to war torn countries;
- Ensures representation of member states in the General Assembly;
- Arbitrates disputes between countries/warring groups:
- Monitors/condemns violation of human rights.
[b]. Explain five achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) since its formation. Provided a platform where member countries would speak with one voice in international fora.;
- Has encouraged member countries to articulate their national interests before those of the super powers;
- Enables the member countries to exert their voting power/influence in world affairs.;
- Hastened the attainment of independence to those countries that were still under colonial rule;
- Has promoted peace/security by encouraging member countries to observe neutrality in super power conflicts;
- Has played a key role in disarmament by condemning the arms race.
- Has promoted the creation of a new international economic order by encouraging member countries to trade with any of the two super power blocks financial assistance from both power blockers.
- Has given funds to the needy countries through a fund, created to address demanding circumstances.
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
24.[a] State three objectives for the formation of Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
- to cooperate in creating a conducive environment for foreign/cross border/domestic investment;
- to cooperate in the promotion of peace/security/stability among member states:
- to strengthen relations between COMESA members and the rest of the world/adopt a common position in international fora;
- to cooperate in realizing the objectives of the African economic community;
- to promote a more balanced/harmonious development of its production/marketing structures;
- to promote joint development in all economic fields inorder to raise the living standards of the people.
[b]. Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.(COMESA).
- Poor transport network has hampered movement of goods/services between member states;
- The member countries produce similar goods thus limiting the market;
- Some member countries belong to other regional economic blocks/hence not fully committed to COMESA/divided loyalty;
- Civil wars in some member states hamper smooth flow of goods due to insecurity hence lowering the volume of trade;
- Border disputes among some member states make it difficult for them to cooperate;
- Some member states prefer trading with their former colonial masters thus posing stiff competition to products from COMESA region;
- Failure of some member states to harmonize tariffs has undermined free flow of goods /services;
- Withdrawal of some member states has undermined the planning/financing of COMESA operations:
- Member states pursue their national interests thereby working against the objectives of COMESA;
- Personality differences between the leaders e.g. Museveni and Albashir;
- Quarrels over trading rights e.g. Egypt and Kenya;
- Natural calamities e.g. floods, drought leading to massive food shortages and famine
KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2
