KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AND TOPICAL ANALYZED QUESTION AND ANSWER.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Give two archaeological sources of information on History and Government.

• Tools/utensils used by man
• Weapons used by man
• Settlements/ruins of the past/rock painting;
• Remains of human/animals;
• Plant remains
• Garments/ornaments
• Coins used by man

2. Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age period.

• For companionship;
• For security;
• To share resources;
• To help one another

3. Identify two ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa.

• through migration;
• through trade;
• through intermarriages;
• through wars

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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4. State two limitations of using animal transport.

• Animals are affected by poor health/injuries/attacks by wild animals;
• Rugged terrain/extreme weather conditions hampers the movement of animals;
• Animal transport has limited carrying capacity;
• Animal transport is time consuming/slow;
• Some animals are stubborn;
• Animal transport is limited to daytime and not night time.

5. Why was silent trade practised by Trans-Saharan traders?

• Due to language barrier/lack of common language.

6. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe.

• Existence of iron ore.

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7. What was the main function of the Council of elders among Africa societies during the pre-colonial period?

• They mediated/sealed disputes/made peace in the community.

8. State two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by European powers.

• The need to abolish slave trade;
• The desire to spread Christianity/protect missionaries
• The desire to spread western civilization/education
• The need to settle surplus population.

9. Name one African country that was not colonized by the European powers.

• Ethiopia
• Liberia

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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10. State two roles played by the African Chiefs in the British Colonial administration in Nigeria.

• They represented the colonial government at the local level;
• They recruited labour for public works;
• They collected taxes for the colonial government;
• They communicated colonial government policies to the people;
• They tried/heard cases in the local courts.

11. Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization.

• The British South Africa Company (BSAC).

12. Give main reason for the formation of the League of Nations in I919.

• To promote/sustain world peace/security.

13. Give two economic reasons for the growth of African nationalism in Ghana.

• The order by the colonial government that Africans uproot cocoa trees affected by diseases;
• The colonial government denied Africans trading licenses;
• African farmers earned low incomes from the sale of cocoa to European firms;
• High unemployment rate for the Africans.
• Sharp increase in prices of goods.

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14. Outline two factors that enabled Tanzania to maintain national unity since independence.

• Adherence to the policy of socialism (ujamaa);
• Application of the constitution;
• Use of Kiswahili as a national language;
• Leadership that was willing to embrace changes/good leadership

15. What is ‘veto power’ as used in by the United Nations

• A decision cannot be adopted if any of the permanent members of the Security Council votes against it.

16. Name one major political party in the united states of America.

• Republican party;
• Democratic party.

17. Name one type of election held for the House of Common in Britain.

• General election;
• By-election.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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SECTION B

18.[a] Give three physical characteristics of the Homo erectus.

• had upright posture/bipedal
• had protruding jaws;
• Was about 5 feet tall/1.52m;
• had slopping forehead.
• had deep set eyes/deep eye socket;
• Had hairy body

[b]. Explain six cultural practices of Homo Sapiens during the New Stone Age.

• Made microlithic tools which were small and more efficient than the earlier tools,
• Lived in rock shelters/caves/huts to protect themselves from harsh weather/wild animals;
• Decorated shelters with animal paintings/hunting scenes;
• Began to domesticate animals/plants in order to ensure regular food supply;
• Developed speech which made communication easier;
• Developed government by setting up rules/laws;
• Developed religion as evidence by the practice of burying the dead with their possessions.
• They practised simple Art and Craft work/pottery/basketry/weaving;
• They started a settled way of life where they established villages;
• They wore a variety of garments/clothings
• They decorated bodies with red ochre/wore ornaments.

19.[a] State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy.

• Coal is bulky to transport;
• Coal causes pollution;
• Mining of coal can lead to injuries/death;
• It is a non-renewable source of energy;
• Coal was expensive to mine and transport.

[b] Explain six effects of the scientific inventions on industry.

• Machines have been improved which produce goods on a large scale;
• Alternative sources of energy have been developed for use in industries;
• Invention of steam engine has improved transportation of raw materials to the industries/finished goods to the market; ,
• The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire knowledge/information about industrialization;
• There has been loss of lives through industrial accidents;
• Data processing/storage has been improved by use of computers;
• Robots have been developed which have reduced over reliance on human labour/reduced labour costs.
• Development of telecommunication has led to buying/selling of goods on the internet/e-commerce;
• Research has enabled industries to recycle waste products in manufacturing usable goods.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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20.[a] State three factors that contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade.

• availability of trade items;
• demand for slaves in the New World;
• availability of sailing ships;
• the discovery of the compass;
• availability of fire arms;
• existence of trade routes/trade links.

[b].Explain six negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on African Communities.

• There was increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves;
• Many Africans lost their live during the slave raids;
• Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods;
• There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones wereseparated/sold to slavery;
• Some kingdoms declined due to continuous attacks from their neighbors in search of trading items:
• There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade items;
• It contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade as many people found it more profitable;
• There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken away into slavery.
• There was serious depopulation in west and parts of Central Africa due to slave trade;
• Trade exposed west Africa to new diseases;
• There was fear and insecurity due to frequent raids on African settlements;
• Weakened African Communities – could not resist colonization;
• African lost confidence in their chiefs who sold them to slave dealers.

21.[a] State three factors that enabled Europeans powers to colonise Africa in the late 19th Century.

• Disunity among African communities;
• Superior weapons used by European armies;
• Weak African communities due to wars/natural calamities;
• Some communities collaborated with the Europeans;
• African ignorance about Europeans intentions;

[b] Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on African communities.

• Africans lost independence as Europeans established colonies;
• African economies weakened by the European exploitation of the resources;
• The African system of government were replaced by European system;
• Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies;
• Modem African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition;
• Some African communities were split by the boundaries which were drawn during the partition;
• Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlements.
• Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted occupation.
• African cultures were undermined through the introduction of Western education/spread of Christianity/health;
• Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which increased over-dependence on Europe;
• Intensification of warfare among African communities;
• Infrastructure was developed to link major mining and agricultural areas;
• Introduction of new policies e.g. forced labour, taxation which were unpopular among Africans.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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SECTION C

22.[a] Give three functions of the Kabaka of Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period.

• He was the Commander in-Chief of the armed forces;
• Kabaka appointed/dismissed Saza chiefs/senior government official;
• He was head of traditional religion;
• He was the head of judiciary/final court of appeal;
• He awarded honours to officers who offered distinguished service;

[b]. Describe the political organisation of the Shona during the pre-colonial period.

• The Shona were ruled by an emperor/King who had absolute authority over the subjects;
• The emperors position was hereditary so as to reduce succession disputes;
• The emperor was assisted in the administration by the queen mother, the queen sister, army commander, head drummer, head door keeper or head cook;
• There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the emperor.;
• There empire was divided into provinces which were headed by Provincial/lesser kings;
• The provinces were divided into Chiefdoms ruled by chief;
• Under the chief were headmen who were in charge of the villages.
• The empire had a standing army whose main duty was to defend/expand the empire.
• The king/emperor was symbol of unity as he was semi-divine.
• there existed priests who acted as spies for the emperor/king.

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23.[a] Identify five ways through which the United Nations (U.N) promotes good governance in the world.

• Sends observers to monitor national elections in various states.
• Provides financial/logistical assistance to countries during national elections;
• Helps countries to attain independence/establish democratic governments;
• Sends peace keeping forces to war torn countries;
• Ensures representation of member states in the General Assembly;
• Arbitrates disputes between countries/warring groups:
• Monitors/condemns violation of human rights.

[b]. Explain five achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) since its formation. Provided a platform where member countries would speak with one voice in international fora.;

• Has encouraged member countries to articulate their national interests before those of the super powers;
• Enables the member countries to exert their voting power/influence in world affairs.;
• Hastened the attainment of independence to those countries that were still under colonial rule;
• Has promoted peace/security by encouraging member countries to observe neutrality in super power conflicts;
• Has played a key role in disarmament by condemning the arms race.
• Has promoted the creation of a new international economic order by encouraging member countries to trade with any of the two super power blocks financial assistance from both power blockers.
• Has given funds to the needy countries through a fund, created to address demanding circumstances.

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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24.[a] State three objectives for the formation of Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

• to cooperate in creating a conducive environment for foreign/cross border/domestic investment;
• to cooperate in the promotion of peace/security/stability among member states:
• to strengthen relations between COMESA members and the rest of the world/adopt a common position in international fora;
• to cooperate in realizing the objectives of the African economic community;
• to promote a more balanced/harmonious development of its production/marketing structures;
• to promote joint development in all economic fields inorder to raise the living standards of the people.

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[b]. Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.(COMESA).

• Poor transport network has hampered movement of goods/services between member states;
• The member countries produce similar goods thus limiting the market;
• Some member countries belong to other regional economic blocks/hence not fully committed to COMESA/divided loyalty;
• Civil wars in some member states hamper smooth flow of goods due to insecurity hence lowering the volume of trade;
• Border disputes among some member states make it difficult for them to cooperate;
• Some member states prefer trading with their former colonial masters thus posing stiff competition to products from COMESA region;
• Failure of some member states to harmonize tariffs has undermined free flow of goods /services;
• Withdrawal of some member states has undermined the planning/financing of COMESA operations:
• Member states pursue their national interests thereby working against the objectives of COMESA;
• Personality differences between the leaders e.g. Museveni and Albashir;
• Quarrels over trading rights e.g. Egypt and Kenya;
• Natural calamities e.g. floods, drought leading to massive food shortages and famine

KCSE 2011 HISTORY PAPER 2

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