MATERNAL CHILD HEALTH CARE
MATERNAL CHILD HEALTH CARE:Safe parenthood
Importance
- it ensures trouble free full term pregnancy,
- safe childbirth
- good health to mother/baby
Ways of achieving safe parenthood
- mother should meet the nutritional needs,
- social preparation of mother
- psychological preparation of mother,
- voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV, – correct age of parents.
Nutritional needs
- it is for
- health of mother
- growth
- development of foetus
N/B:- foetus takes all nutrients required from mother even in mother has too little.
- if calcium for mother is too little and its drawn by foetus then she will have weak bones.
Social preparation
- it gives peace of mind for mother so that she is mentally prepared to stand the expected discomforts and prevent miscarriage that is normally as a result o excessive hormone production
Psychological preparation of expectant mother
- it is for positive mental attitude towards pregnancy,
N/B:- excessive worrying increases production of hormones that may lead to;
- miscarriage
- depression to mother
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Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) in HIV
If done they will be able to take care of themselves.
Counselling of mother can be done;
- mother can be given great care during birth not to infect the baby,
- mother is able to get an anti-retroviral drug, it prevents transmission of the virus to the baby on delivery within 72 hours.
Age of parent
- too young mother risks her life and baby’s,
- too old risk getting abnormal children especially if getting them for the first time – N/B:- recommended age is 18-35 years.
PREGNANCY
Signs of pregnancy:
- stopping menstruation
- nausea/morning sickness 3-4 months
- desire to pus urine frequently,
- graving for certain foods and ditching others
- enlarged breasts
- tender nipples
- enlarged abdomen
- dark-line on abdomen from navel downwards,
- moving of foetus at approximately 5 months
- skin complexion changes smoother, lighter/opposite
- heartburn
- frequent constipation
- backache
- mild uterine contractions.
Common problems during pregnancy i.e danger signs/disorders
- tiredness feeling and breathlessness caused by anaemia/lack of enough iron, N/B:- Baby may be big/may be twins
- fake mild labour 8th – 9th month, because of pressure of baby,
- vaginal bleeding (threat of miscarriage)
- oedema on feet not dangerous
- the one on hands and face is dangerous because it means there is poor blood circulation or coxaemia (poisoning as a result of bacteria toxins in blood)
- severe persistence of abdominal pain (a sign of threat of miscarriage)
- swelling of varicose veins (twisted and painful veins on legs) due to standing for long at early months there will be; (i) blood circulation interference (ii) excessive blood loss in case of bursting
- high blood pressure mother’s life and foetus will be in danger because it can lead to a miscarriage,
- severe vomiting (excessive) beyond 4 months , mother can’t be healthy same to baby, it denies them nourishment
- dizziness/blackout:- it can be due to lack of iron in blood (toxaemia)
- amniotic fluid appearing; cam lead to a miscarriage/childbirth
- piles/haemorrhoids; i.e varicose veins in anus, could be because of constipation are painful though disappear after pregnancy,
- leg cramps; consult a doctor,
mother should eat foods rich in calcium
- heartburn not so serious though cause discomfort
N/B:- mother should know foods that cause it and avoid and should eat light meals frequently.
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MATERNAL CHILD HEALTH CARE
Needs of expectant mothers
Nutritional needs
- the mother needs diet having all nutrients for the two of them, she has special nutritional demands i.e need extra of some nutrients.
- if a good diet is not provided and mother has frequent births the babies will be small in size
- mother will experience exhaustion
- mother will be sickly and anaemia
- N/B:- mother needs extra food requirements for
- growth of foetus, ii) because of various changes in the body Amount of nutrients required depends on i) individuals
- stage of pregnancy
- Mother needs extra intake of;
- protein
- roughage
- calcium
Extra nutrients needed a) extra iron Because
- during the last month of pregnancy, foetus stores enough iron to last for6 months
- for proper formation of haemoglobin
- to prevent anaemia
- to cater for mother and foetus
Sources
- beans
- dark green vegetables
- eggs
- lean meat (pork and liver)
b) calcium
- for proper bone formation of foetus bones and teeth
- to cater for mother and foetus or else foetus will draw it from mothers teeth and bones.
Sources
- milk
- cheese
- eggs
- unrefined cereals
- legumes
- durable bones
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proteins needed for growth of foetus for maintenance of mother requirements. e.g – meat
- fish
- poultry
- termites
- pulses, (beans, peas, greengrams/nuts)
- calories
- for proper development of foetus,
- for her to be able to increase weight of about 10-12kg during whole period of pregnancy, N/B:-
- should avoid too much fat because
- it slows down digestion
- causes constipation, nausea and heartburn
Protective foods
- should be provided everyday and enough
- should be bright yellow ones i.e fruits and vegetables,
- should be at regular intervals for regular bowel movements; why?
- to avoid constipation that can lead to piles (haemorrhoids)
N/B:-
- there will be craving but mother can provide other foods – should take plenty of water for digestion if not having oedema, – should not take alcohol because it slows low foetal growth.
Physical needs
- getting enough sleep at night and at least 1 hour at daytime,
- work normally though should not life heavy loads/suffer fatigue,
- exercises e.g walking,
- putting on free dresses and well fitting, low healed shoes because they are comfortable,
- bathing daily, brushing teeth cleaning hair, wearing clean clothes – resting feet on a low stool (foot rest) to prevent swelling
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Emotional needs
- needs a peaceful environment i.e no quarrels and anxiety; why:- shouting too much and quarreling worries and disturbs foetus
- needs confidence and positive mental attitude i.e should accept her condition and be ready for birth of baby,
- should be proud of her condition to cope with physical changes on her body,
N/B:- should not tie waist to hide the pregnancy because it interferes with blood circulation.
- needs a happy atmosphere so needs entertainment e.g preparing to celebrate birth of baby despite the sex/disability factors,
- should be mentally healthy e.g illnesses like HIV/AIDS can cause too much worrying that can lead to a miscarriage.
Social needs (role of the family)
Needs support from all members if even if they don’t accept the pregnancy.
N/B:-
- mother should never be exposed to pressure/frustration at home and at work it cause emotional reasons,
- should make sure that while in hospital someone will take care of the other children and home,
- not getting bad remarks about the condition
- should be assigned to do light duties and not heavy,
- informing the young children about baby’s arrival and told to accept the situation,
ANTENATAL CARE
It is care given to an expectant mother from conception time to delivery.
- It is important because it ensures safety of mother and foetus.
Sodium bicarbonate and acid phosphate
The 2 are added to flour during manufacture to make it sef raising. When heated because will be produced to raise the mixture so no need of using a raising agent.
Biological method of producing because;
- it is produced by yeast biological a minute living plant of fungus type,
- under favourable conditions its cells grow and multiply. In the process it gives out because and alcohol through fermentation process.
- because will raise the mixture alcohol will escape
Conditions suitable to for growth of yeast
- Food
i.e sugar in flour
N/B: should not be too much since it makes yeast sells rapture retard fermentation process.
- Warmth
All ingredients should be warmed to 250C and held their throughout mixing and proving process.
N/B:- should never be hot because hot temperatures kill yeast
N/B:- to yet right temp 1/3 of liquid in recipe should be boiled and mixed to remaining liquid that is cold.
Should be cold temperature because it retards its growth
N/B:- Drought should be avoided they have a cooling effect on mixture
- Liquid
e.g water/milk its form the solution in which fermentation process takes place.
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Rules for making flour mixtures
- good quality ingredients to be used,
- ingredients to be weighted correctly,
- correct equipment and utensils should be used during preparation and cooking method given in recipe in the following accurately
- cooking temperature and duration of cooking should be observed,
- testily for readiness the baked items before taking out of oven,
ALL HOMESCIENCE NOTES FORM 1-4 WITH TOPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
