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We bring you the necessary materials that you can access in one click. We also publish News, Examinations, Mocks, KCSE Past Papers, CBC Resources, Secondary Notes, Primary Resources, Vacancies, Scholarships, News>TSC Updates and information relating to teachers. For More Resources Call/WhatsApp Us On +254705738367 or +254726641534.

We bring you the necessary materials that you can access in one click. We also publish News, Examinations, Mocks, KCSE Past Papers, CBC Resources, Secondary Notes, Primary Resources, Vacancies, Scholarships, News>TSC Updates and information relating to teachers. For More Resources Call/WhatsApp Us On +254705738367 or +254726641534.

We bring you the necessary materials that you can access in one click. We also publish News, Examinations, Mocks, KCSE Past Papers, CBC Resources, Secondary Notes, Primary Resources, Vacancies, Scholarships, News>TSC Updates and information relating to teachers. For More Resources Call/WhatsApp Us On +254705738367 or +254726641534.

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MWONGOZO WA MAPAMBAMZUKO YA MCHWEO (MUHTASARI)

MWONGOZO WA MAPAMBAMZUKO YA MCHWEO (MUHTASARI)

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1. FADHILA ZA PUNDA – (Rachel Wangari)

MUHTASARI

• Lilia ni msichana mcha Mungu. Amelelewa katika mandhari ya dini na babake, pastor Lee Imani, ambaye ndiye mhubiri mkuu kanisani mwao. Mamake Lilia ameshafariki katika ajali ya barabarani.
• Kanisani, anajitokeza Luka ambaye ni mvulana maskini ila ana sauti nzuri ya kuimba, kitu ambacho kinamvutia sana Lilia. Lilia anamrai babake kumsaidia Luka. Luka anapelekwa shuleni na mamake anapewa kibarua cha kunadhifisha mazingira kanisani kwa babake Lilia.

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• Miaka inavyosonga ndivyo babake Lilia anaingiwa na hofu kuhusu mahusiano kati ya bintiye na Luka. Hivyo, anamtuma Luka kusomea sehemu nyingine ya nchi huku akiishi kwa mhubiri mwenzake. Badala ya urafiki kufifia, unageuka na kuwa mapenzi. Baadaye, Luka na Lilia wanaishia kusoma katika Chuo kimoja na hatimaye Lilia anamrai babake amruhusu kupendana na Luka.

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• Baada ya masomo yao, Luka anapewa majukumu ya uhubiri kanisani na ruhusa ya kumuoa bintiye mhubiri mkuu. Wanafunga ndoa na Luka anakuwa maarufu katika kazi yake kanisani mpaka watu kutoka nchi mbalimbali wanakuja kanisani humo kwa ajili ya miujiza aliyoifanya.
• Baada ya babake Lilia kufariki, Luka anatwaa uongozi wa kanisa kwa muda kabla ya kumwachisha mkewe kazi katika benki ili kuwa karibu zaidi kwa utumishi wa kanisa. Ndoa yao inaanza kuwa na matatizo

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• Luka anapoamua kuacha kazi ya uhubiri na kuwa mwanasiasa. Wakati huu, mkewe ashakuwa mke wa nyumbani, anatawishwa. Luka, ambaye alikuwa mhubiri wa injiii, anageuka kuwa mwanasiasa na mume katili kwa mkewe, mkombozi wake wa utotoni.
Ukatili wake unadhihirika tangu mwanzo mpaka kufikia wakati anamuumiza sona. Lilia anachukuliwa na mama mkwe wake, Luka, na kupelekwa hospitatini kupata matibabu kwa maumivu anayopata kutokana na kichapo cha mumewe. Wakati huo huo, Luka anapata ajali mbaya ya barabarani na kuumia sana. Anatozwa katika chumba kimoja na mkewe.

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Baadaye, kwamba Luka huenda asiweze kutembea tena kutokana na athari za ajali. Kimada wake anapopata taarifa hii, anapotea kabisa asirudi hospitalini kumjulia hali. Inakuwa kwamba kwa kumtetekeza mkewe, Luka anaacha mbachawe kwa msala upitao,Mandhari ya hadithi Mandhari ya hadithi hii ni mashamboni na pia mjini. Lilia anakutana na Luka mora ya kwanza mashambani anapokuja kanisani. Wanaendelea kuishi huko. wakati mmoja Luko akienda kusomeo katika sehemu tofauti yo nchi. Hata hivyo, Luka anapokuwo Gavana anaishi mbali na nyumbani, mjini.

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MWONGOZO WA MAPAMBAMZUKO YA MCHWEO (JALADA)

MWONGOZO WA MAPAMBAMZUKO YA MCHWEO (JALADA)

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JALADA

Jalada ni sehemu iliyoko juu ya kitabu hasa huwa ngumu na mambo yaliyo muhtasari wa kile msomaji anataraji ndani. Jalada huwa kuwili yaani, jalada la mbele na la nyuma. Kunavyo vipengele muhimu hasa rangi za michoro na maandishi.

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Jalada lina anwani Mapambazuko ya Machweo na hadithi nyingine. Chini ya anwani hii kuna picha za watu watatu wazima na za watoto wawili. Picha ya mtu wa kwanza aliyevalia suti ya kijani kibichi, tai na miwani na kuonekana kuingia gari jekundu inasawiri tajiri aliyekuja kumtuza mzee Makucha.

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Picha ya tatu ya mwanamke anayefurahi pamoja na mwanaume wa pili inamsawiri Bi.Macheo, mkewe mzee Makucha, anayejiunga naye kufurahia tuzo aliyopewa mumewe.

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Nyuma yao kuna nyumba ambayo ina mabati yaliyozeeka inayoashiria hali ngumu ya kiuchumi ambayo familia ya mzee Makucha imepitia baada ya kufutwa kazi na Shirika la Reli.
Aidha, kuna picha ya watoto wawili: msichana na mvulana wanaofanya kazi ngumu.
Msichana amebeba besini na mvulana ameinama kupakuwa mchanga kwenye kijiko.
Wanaonekana wamechafuka. Picha hii inarejelea watoto wanaofanya kazi ngumu katika mgodi wa mzee Makutwa wanaookolewa baadaye na mzee Makucha.

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Chini ya jalada upande wa kulia kuna meza na kiti. Juu ya meza kuna bidhaa mbalimbali za kuuzwa kuonyesha biashara iliyokuwa ikifanywa na familia ya mzee Makucha.
Pia kuna mwanga wa jua unaowamulika mzee Makucha, Bi. Mchewa na wale watoto wawili.
Mwangaza huu ni ishara ya matumaini au fikra endelevu katika jamii. Unaweza kurejelea kitendo cha mzee Makucha kuwaokoa watoto waliokuwa wakifanya kazi migodini au tuzo anayopata mzee Makucha kwa kitendo hicho cha kuwaokoa watoto.

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA INTRODUCTION

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA There is immense evidence to confirm that East Africa was the cradle of humankind. Archaeological evidence (for example, the tools found at Kobi Fora, Olorgesaillie, Kariandusi, Mtongwe, around Lake Victoria, Lukenya hills, near Lake Naivasha) show that Kenya was inhabited by Stone Age people.

There is also evidence of use of iron in Kenya dating back as AD270 e.g. at Urewe near Ngiya in Siaya and in Kwale. THE KHOISAN

According to oral traditions, the earliest people to occupy Kenya were of the Khoisan stock. They had similar features like the Khoi khoi and the San of South Africa, the Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania. They all spoke a language with a clicking sound.

Cultural aspects of the Khoisan

1. They Spoke a language with a clicking sound like the khoi-khoi of south Africa
2. They were nomadic people

• They gathered the wild fruit in the wild and dug up tubers and roots for their foods

1. They used stone tools in addition to bows and arrows.
2. They fished in rivers and lakes using harpoons
3. They made use of rock shelters and caves.

• They buried the dead.
• Made and used pottery.

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

NB- such evidence of the culture of the Khoisan has been found in Gambles and Njoro river caves near Nakuru.

These pioneering inhabitants of Kenya disappeared maybe after being subdued and overcome by the powerful incoming Bantus and Nilotes.

However, there exist some remnants of these hunter-gatherer communities in the western highlands of rift valley. They speak the language of the group near them like Kalenjin (okiek), Maasai (Dorobo), Onguye and Okuro in western Kenya.

THE CUSHITES                                                     

They existed in two groups;

1. The Southern Cushites
2. The Eastern Cushites.

The southern Cushites.

They might have entered present day Kenya through northern Kenya and seem to have originated from the Ethiopian highlands. Since they were pastoralists, they must have been looking for better pasture for their livestock.

Around 2500 and 3000 years ago, they were already occupying the grasslands of the Kenya highlands cultivating food crops like sorghum , millet and rearing long horned hump less cattle. They even extended up to Tanzania.

They included the Iraqi, Boni and Burungi of Tanzania, The Dahallo or Sanye of the lower Tana (the remaining southern Cushites in Kenya). Some were later absorbed by the incoming groups.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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The Eastern Cushites

They include the Borana, Somali, Oromo, Gabra, Rendille and Burji.

They originated either from Ethiopia or Somalia moving and settling into Kenya around 2000 and 1000 years ago due to the following reasons;

1. Escaping from clan or family feuds.
2. There was population pressure in their area of origin.

• They were in search of better grazing lands.

1. They were fleeing the outbreak of disease that affected both people and animals.
2. They were escaping famine and drought.
3. They fled constant attacks from their neighbours such as the Somali.

• The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure.

THE OROMO

They came in the 16th century from Ethiopia. Initially they settled on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana. They later moved south pushing the Mijikenda and the Pokomo out of the Shungwaya to occupy Malindi and Kilifi

Today they occupy the southern part of Tana River and are neighbours to the Pokomo.

Effects of migration and settlement of the Oromo in Kenya

1. They inter-married with the people they came into contact with e.g. Somali, Pokomo and Borana.
2. Their settlement in Kenya led to expansion of trade.

• Their settlement led to increased conflict between communities over resources e.g. pasture and water.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

1. Displacement and redistribution of people in the area where they settled e.g. the Oromo pushed the Bantu from the Shungwaya region.
2. Assimilation of some communities they came into contact with e.g. the Oromo vs. Somali.
3. Cultural exchange e.g. neighbouring communities adopted Islam.

• Settlement in high agricultural potential areas e.g. river valleys encouraged some of them to practice crop farming.
• Expansion of agriculture due to demand of agricultural produce.

THE BORANA

They are also Oromo speaking people whose origin is southern Ethiopia. Their migration into Kenya was due to escaping the Menelik Wars of Conquest in 1897 and who had imposed heavy taxes on them.

They represent some of the most recent migrations into Kenya end as late as 1900 when more Borana groups fled into Kenya from Somali running away from the war between the Somali Nationalists and the British.

Today the Borana occupy the area north of the Tana River.

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THE SOMALI

They originated from Mogadishu where they were living by 10th century AD. They begun moving southwards into Kenya around that time maybe due to the Oromo threat or they were looking for pasture for their livestock.

The Somali represent the largest single group of eastern Cushites in Kenya.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Results of Cushitic migration into Kenya

1. There was massive warfare during the migrations leading to killing of many people in the process. For example, there was constant warfare between the Somali and the Oromo.
2. They displaced some of the communities which they came into contact with e.g. the Oromo pushed the Mijikenda from the Shungwaya region in AD 1500 AND 1600.

• They intermarried with those people they interacted with e.g. the Some of the Pokomo intermarried with the Borana..

1. Their settlement led to expansion / development of trade between them and their neighbours e.g. they traded with the Samburu and the Maasai.
2. There was cultural exchange between them and the Bantu and Nilotic neighbours. E.g. the Taboo against eating Fish among the Bantu, the age set system and circumcision has origin from the Cushites.
3. The migrations led to population pressure in the region.

• Adoption of some agricultural practices from the Bantu.
• There was redistribution of population in Kenya. The Mijikenda for example were scattered at Shungwaya.

THE BANTU SPEAKERS.

Introduction

The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word “NTU” which means a person.

The Bantu-speaking groups include the Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria, Kikuyu, Akamba, Meru, Aembu, Taita, Agiryama, Digo in Kenya and Pokomo, as well as many other smaller groups

Their original homeland was somewhere between eastern Nigeria and the Cameroon (Congo Basin).

They then moved southwards towards present day Democratic Republic of Congo (around 500 BC the Bantu were living in the Congo forest). This became a major dispersal point from where the Bantus moved in four major waves. Of these waves, the two waves that account for settle of the Bantu in Kenya are the ones moving south-eastwards through the area west of Lake Victoria (a 2nd dispersal point for Bantus). From here they dispersed in two groups;

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

1. some group passed through present-day Uganda , some settling there (Baganda, Banyoro, Batoro), proceeding into kenya to form the western Bantu(Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria and abasuba)
2. From the west Victoria dispersal point a group moved and entered east Africa at appoint south of Lake Victoria and then proceeded eastwards across northern Tanzania to a dispersal point between Taita hills and mt. Kilimanjaro. Some settled in Tanzania (Chagga, nyamwezi, sukuma, Kuria, haya, Yao, Segeju, Zaramo).the rest of the group preceded northwards to the coast up to Shungwaya (another dispersal point). These were the eastern Bantus.

REASONS FOR THE BANTU MIGRATION

The reasons for the migration of the Bantu are not known but they most likely included the following;

1. Drought and famine: This broke out because the climate in their cradle land had become unreliable/unpredictable.
2. Population increase which resulted into population pressure, e.g. they became overpopulated in their cradle land.

• The constant attacks (external pressure) from stronger tribes in West Africa and the Nile valley; also due to the migration of the Arabs, who were believed to be more hostile, into West Africa.

1. Internal conflicts from the Bantu tribes: These conflicts concerned the ownership of agriculture area, the shortage of grazing lands and watering areas.
2. Epidemics and diseases/natural calamities, e.g. earthquakes, over flooding of rivers like river Niger, sickness, diseases such as Nagana caused by Tsetse flies, sleeping sickness e.t.c.
3. Search for fertile land: Since they were predominantly farmers, the Bantu migrated in order to find more land which could be more fertile than the cradle land, which could no longer support them.

• Love for adventure: They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e. they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas.
• Group influence: Some moved because they had seen their relatives and friends move.

1. Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move.
2. The Bantu migrated in order to export their iron-working culture. They had discovered the knowledge of iron working and had invented iron tools. These iron tools had transformed the agricultural sector by making the clearing of land for cultivation faster and more efficient.

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

The Western Bantu

They include Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria and Abasuba and settled in western part of kenya thus their name.

Abaluhyia.

~ The Abaluhyia community is made up of eighteen sub-groups. The sub-groups which constitute the community have a common background, common customs and speak closely related dialects of the same language.

~ According to Abaluhyia tradition, communities used to hold criminal tribunals at the junctions of footpaths. The area at the junction of footpaths was known as Uluyia or a meeting point and it is claimed that the name Abaluhyia is derived from this. Another version states that in a polygamous home the courtyard outside the main father’s house is called Luhyia. All the children are referred as children of one Luhyia and hence the name Abaluhyia.

~ Most of the Luhyia sub-groups point to mt. elgon dispersal point as their origin. The settlement of the Abaluhyia into Kenya dates back to 300 AD. By 1750 AD, many groups had settled in present day Bukhayo, Marama, Tiriki, Bunyore, Wanga and Maragoli.

~ They absorbed some groups they found in the area. Also, their interaction with the Maasai led to establishment of clans like the Abashimuli among the Idakho. The Marachi, Kisa and Samia interacted with the Luo.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Abagusii

~ Abagusii traditions acknowledge a close relationship with the following people: the Abakuria, Abalogoli, Ababukusu, Abasuba, Agikuyu, Ameru, Aembu, Ambeere and the Akamba. Their tradition has it that on their way from the country which they call ‘Msiri’ they were accompanied by the Baganda and the Basoga besides the above groups.

~ The Abagusii and the Abalogoli migrated southwards following the River Nzoia valley and arrived near Lake Victoria between 1490 and 1520. Following an easterly course along the lake shore, they settled at the head of Goye Bay in Yimbo location of Nyanza with their homeland spreading across present day Ulowa, Sare and Unyejra at the foot of Ramogi hill. Luo migrants in 1550 AD found them settled in this general area and pushed them from alego to Kisumu where they lived upto 1600AD.

~ Their migration from Kisumu to Kano was motivated by drought in the area.. However, their eastward migration was checked by the Maasai and the Kipsigis

~ By the 18th century, they had settled in the Kisii highlands positively interacting with the neighbouring Luo, Maasai and Kipsigis in terms of trade.

Why the Abagusii remained in the Kano plains for too long before settling in the Kisii highlands.

1. They were obstructed by the Kipsigis who were migrating westwards.
2. The Maasai were also quite wild/hostile.

• The plains favored their activity of livestock grazing.

1. Lack of a strong warrior group to fight their expansionist wars against the warring neighbors.

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Abakuria.

~ The origin of the name ‘Kuria’ is a thorny point in the Abakuria history. The major Abakuria sub-tribes such as Abanyabasi, Abatimbaru, Abanyamongo, Abakira, Abairegi and Abagumbe have traditions to the effect that their ancestor was Mokuria (or Mukuria) that lived in “Msiri”. His descendants migrated from “Msiri” and after many years of wandering on the other side of Lake Victoria; they eventually reached and settled in the present Bukuria By 1800AD,) in south Nyanza.)

~ According to this tradition, the Abakuria have been divided from time immemorial into two families: the Abasai of the elder wife of Mokuria and the Abachuma of the younger wife.

~ The Abakuria are related to Abalogoli of Abaluhyia and Abagusii and trace same origin at mt. elgon dispersal point.

~ The Abakuria people appear to have sprung from too many directions to have a common historical origin, although a number of clans claim to have come from Msiri.

~ Among the Abakuria today are found people who were originally from Kalenjin, Maasai, Bantu and Luo speaking communities. The Abakuria adopted the practice of age set organization and circumcision from the southern Cushites

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Abasuba

~ The name “Suba” means “the people who are always wandering”.

~ The Suba migrated into their current locations beginning in the mid-1700s. They came from the region just west of Lake Victoria and settled on the islands.

~ The Suba migrated from Uganda and settled on the two Lake Victoria islands of Rusinga and Mfangano, and are believed to be the last tribe to have settled in Kenya. Other subgroups migrated and settled on the shores of Lake Victoria in the early 18th century.

~ The Suba are descendants of one wave of the Bantu migration from Central Africa over the last 1500 to 1800 years. In the 16th century, it appears, small family groups related to the Ganda people on the western side of the lake migrated across Lake Victoria on boats to settle on Rusinga Island and other islands near what is now Kenya and Tanzania.

~ The Suba are descendants of one wave of the Bantu migration from Central Africa over the last 1500 to 1800 years. In the 16th century, it appears, small family groups related to the Ganda people on the western side of the lake migrated across Lake Victoria on boats to settle on Rusinga Island and other islands near what is now Kenya and Tanzania.

~ Linguistically, the Suba are highly influenced by the neighbouring Luo, to the point of a language shift having taken place among large portions of the mainland Suba.

~ The remaining speakers of the Suba language are mostly elderly residents on the island of Mfangano.

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THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

The Eastern Bantu

They are divided into Highland or Mt. Kenya Bantu and Coastal Bantu.

Coastal Bantu

They include the Taita, Pokomo and Mijikenda.

From the west Victoria dispersal point their first movement was upto Taita hills, where the Taita remained. The Mijikenda and Pokomo proceeded northwards to the coast upto Shungwaya (another dispersal point). The main reason for the Shungwaya dispersal was the Oromo attack In AD 1600.

Pokomo

They moved from Shungwaya following river Tana interacting with the Cushites like the Oromo and Somali.

Mijikenda

The name means Nine Clans comprising of the Kauma, Giriama, Duruma, Chonyi, Jibana, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai and Digo.

From the Shungwaya dispersal point,(forced out by the Oromo/Somali southwards expansionist attacks), they settled in fortified villages mainly due to security concerns. Each of the nine groups settled in their own separate ridge referred to as Kaya fortified with thorny trees.

By the 19th, the Mijikenda were established as middlemen during the long distance trade between the Akamba and the coastal Waswahili.

The highland Bantu

Examples of highland Bantus include Agikuyu, Ameru, Aembu, Ambeere and the Akamba

They are also products of the Shungwaya dispersion.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Agikuyu.

~ The largest single group of the eastern group.

~ While the Kikuyu can be found throughout Kenya, the heaviest concentration being in Central Province, known as the traditional Kikuyu homeland. The Kikuyu traditionally believe that a man, Gikuyu, was the founder of the tribe. He had a wife named Mumbi, who gave birth to nine (plus one) daughters. The daughters married and had their own families, retaining a domineering role in Kikuyu society.

~ It was in Mukurwe wa Gathanga division of Nyeri district where an identifiable beginning for the modern Kikuyu people is defined.

~ Ancestors of the Kikuyu arrived in Kenya during the Bantu migrations of 1200-1600 AD. The Agikuyu seem to have moved southwest from the coast at around 1400AD also running away from hostile Oromo. They followed Tana River with some groups falling off and settling in different places. For example the Tharaka settled in the east and the Ambeere settled in the southwest. The main group proceeded upto the confluence of rivers Tana and Thika (Mukurwe wa Gathanga. They spread and settled in Kiambu and Nyandarua from Murang’a.

~ The key event in their migration and settlement was military conflict with and defeat of the Gumba people by the Mathira and Tetu people, allied with the Athi and the Maasai in the early 1800’s.

~ They displaced or absorbed the original inhabitants-the Dorobo (Athi) and Gumba who were a hunter- gatherer community.

~ Settlement of the Nyeri plains took place after the British moved the Maasai from the area. The Kikuyu were in Kabete by around 1850, Ruiru about 1900.

~ They heavily interacted with the Maasai and Cushites in the area.

Describe the relationship between Athi and the Agikuyu.

1. The Athi were the original inhabitants of the land where the Agikuyu live presently.
2. The Agikuyu claim they bought the land from the Athi.

• The Agikuyu also acquired some cultural practices from the Athi e.g. circumcision, clitoridectomy and age set system.

1. The Athi acted as middlemen in the trade between the Agikuyu, Maasai and the coastal people.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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Akamba

~ They point to the area around mt Kilimanjaro as their original homeland.

~ From here they moved to Taita Hills before reaching Tsavo West. They followed the Banks of Athi River in the 15th century one group crossing Athi into Ulu. Another group moved south to the Galana River and settled in the region around chyulu hills north of mt. Kilimanjaro

~ By around mid 16th c a group of the Akamba had settled in the Mbooni hills near Machakos.

~ Due to environmental influence, the Akamba near Mbooni began to practice agriculture before migrating to iveti, kilungu and masaku. Those that moved to drier Chyulu hills became hunters. The Kitui group adopted pastoralism and hunting and participated in long distance trade.

The Ameru

~ Their original homeland is claimed to Mbwa, located somewhere at the coast on manda island.the Shungwaya dispersal might have led to the pushing of the Ameru to tigania and igembe regions at around 1400AD. They crossed the Tana River with the Tharaka sections of Agikuyu and settled to the east of tana. The Chuka section settled in the west of river tana. The mwimbi, imenti, tigania and igembe also settled west of the Tana River.

~ According to tradition, the Meru and Agikuyu were initially migrating as one group and separated at around 15th c and 16th c.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Effects of the Bantu Migration

The results of the Bantu migration were both positive and negative.

Positive results

1. Introduction of iron working the use of iron tools in the interior of East Africa where people were at first using stone tools. There was an increase in food production.
2. Introduction of new crops e.g. yams, bananas: the Bantu introduced and increased the knowledge of food and extensive crop cultivation. Earlier on, the inhabitants of East Africa were food gatherers, but with iron smelting and its results, food production seriously started.
3. The absorbed other tribes e.g. the gathers: This led to widespread Bantu languages of “NTU” prefix in East Africa.
4. They introduced centralized administration: They introduced a centralized system of government whereby the king acted as the overall ruler, under who were the other chiefs, down to the lay person. This was done in western Kenya by the Wanga.
5. Introduced a system of building permanent homes: They opened new land to settlement in families, clans and villages.
6. The knowledge of iron smelting which the Bantu introduced led to the making of hoes and pangas for tilling and clearing land, the bows, arrows and spears for defense and protection.
7. They introduced subsistence agriculture, whereby they grew enough food for home consumption, and the rest could be kept in case of shortages, or be exchanged in barter trade.

Negative effects

1. The Bantu migration led to depopulation: This was caused by the frequent attacks made on the Bantu by Somali and Oromo, or by the Bantu against the people East Africa for land, through wars.
2. There was loss of culture due to cultural absorption: This was brought about due to Bantu intermarrying with the non- Bantu peoples, whom they came across.
3. There was transformation of languages into new ones: This led to the dying down of some of the Bantu languages, while others remained.

The Nilotic speakers.

Nilotes is a term originating from the word Nile. The origin of these groups is associated with the Nile River. These are the second largest group after the Bantu.

They are divided into three groups;

1. River-lake Nilotes– the Luo.
2. Plains Nilotes– the Maasai, Tunkana and Samburu.
3. Highlands Nilotes– Kalenjin groups of the Marakwet, Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Elgeyo , Pokot and Sabaot

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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River-lake Nilotes

They are sometimes referred to as the southern Luos to differentiate them from other river-lake nilotes in Uganda and Sudan like the Dinka, Shilluk, Bor, Anwak, Alur, Acholi, Jopaluo, Padhola, Nuer and Luo of Uganda.

They are believed to have originated from Bahr-el-Ghazal region of southern Sudan. They then migrated to Pubungu Pakwach in Uganda where they settled by 1450 AD. They later moved into Kenya. Their arrival caused the displacement of many Bantu-speaking peoples, notably the Gusii, Kuria and Luhya, who were forced into the highlands east and north of the lake.

Why did they leave Bahr-el-Ghazal region?

1. They might have been Escaping from clan or family feuds.
2. There was population pressure in their area of origin.

• They were nomadic pastoralists in search of better grazing lands and water for their livestock

1. They were fleeing the outbreak of disease that affected both people and animals.
2. They were escaping famine and drought.
3. They fled constant attacks from their neighbours.

• They were also looking for better fishing grounds.
• The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Their migration into Kenya began in the 15th c. they moved in four distinct groups;

1. Joka-jok- people of jok. Was the first group to enter into kenya from Uganda. They first settled at Ramogi hills in Kadimo Siaya district displacing the earlier Gusii settlers. Two of Jok’s sons fled to south Nyanza to form the Karachuonyo and Wanjare clans. This group spread to Sakwa, Alego, Asembo and other parts of Nyanza.
2. Joka-Owiny. Owiny moved from Uganda to settle in Sogoma in Alego with his group in the 17th c. he was both a great fighter and leader (Ruoth). He came to be known as Owiny Sigoma and his people Joka Ruoth. This group settled in Kisumu, Nyakach and South Nyanza.

• Joka-Omolo. They came from northern Banyoro and settled temporarily in Ibanda and Bukoli before moving to Ugenya and Gem. They displaced the Abagusii and Abalogoli out of Yimbo. They spread to Alego and then across winam gulf into south nyanza.

1. The abasuba. They are Bantu in origin but are associated with the Luo. They are a mixture of Bantu refugees from Uganda who intermarried with the Luo. They settled in the Lake Victoria islands of Mfangano and Rusinga and also in gwasi area. They adopted Luo culture.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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Effects of Luo Migration.

1. The settlement of the Luo in Kenya led to increase in population in the area.
2. Their arrival intensified conflicts between them and other communities in the area over limited resources. For example they displaced the western Bantu like the Abaluhyia, Abakuria and Abagusii.

• There were intermarriages between the Luo and the Luyia and Maasai groups in the area.

1. The Luo assimilated some Luhyia communities living in the area.
2. Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia.
3. The Luo adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with the Bantus who were farmers.

Plain Nilotes.

They include the Maasai and Samburu (Maa speakers), Iteso, Turkana and Njemps.

The Plain Nilotes entered Kenya at around AD 1000 from an area north of Lake Turkana.

Why they moved into Kenya;

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

1. Drought and famine that broke out in their cradleland.
2. Population increase which resulted into population pressure in their cradle land.

• The external pressure from stronger neighbours.

1. Internal conflicts from among other Nilotic groups concerning the ownership of grazing lands and watering areas.
2. Epidemics and diseases like sleeping sickness affecting both humans and animals.
3. They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e. they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas.

• Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move.

Their first point of settlement was near Mount Moroto in eastern Uganda by AD 1000. From here, several groups like the Jie, Iteso, Turkana and karamojong emerged, with the Iteso settling in Uganda in 17th c before expanding into western Kenya by 19th c. The Turkana extended northwards to their present area.

The effects of the migration and settlement of the Iteso.

1. The settlement of the iteso in their present region led to increase in population in the area.
2. It intensified conflicts between them and other communities in the area over limited resources.

• There were intermarriages between the iteso and the Luyia groups in the area.

1. Cultural interaction giving rise to enriched cultures.
2. Some people were displaced from the area with the arrival of the Iteso. E.g. the Maasai and some Kalenjin communities.
3. The iteso assimilated some communities living in the area.

• Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia.
• The Iteso adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with the Bantus who were farmers

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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The Maasai

~ Their movement from north of lake Turkana is closely associated with the original Kalenjin speakers. By AD 1500, the Maasai begun to move separately southwards between Mt,. Kenya and Mt. Elgon. By 19th c , they had settled in Uasin Gishu and even spread into Tanzania along the Rift Valley.

~ As they moved, they assimilated the Sirikwa peoples. They also waged war against the neighbouring Kalenjin, Akamba and Abagusii.

~ In the 1850s the Maasai experienced many natural disasters like drought, famine and cattle diseases leading to decline of their power. They also experienced civil wars between the Kwavi (Iloikop) and the Purko (Ilmaasai) sections. When Oloibon Mbatian died, his two sons Sendeyo and Lenana became involved in a protracted succession dispute. They were also weakened by wars with the Agikuyu. Their power came to an end with the coming of British rule.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

Effects of the migration and settlement of the plain nilotes into Kenya.

1. The migration and settlement of the Maasai in their present region led to increase in population in the area.
2. As they migrated, into Kenya, the Maasai pushed and displaced the communities they came across. For example, they subdued the Nandi in the 18th c.

• The Maasai influenced the fighting tactics of other groups in Kenya.

1. The Maasai absorbed the southern Cushites such as the Dorobo.
2. There were intermarriages between the Maasai and the Akamba, Agikuyu and even the kalenjin groups in the area.
3. There was Cultural interaction giving rise to enriched cultures. They adopted some cultural practices from the southern Cushites for example, the age-set systems circumcision and clitoridectomy. They also adopted some Kalenjin vocabulary.

• Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia.
• A section of the Maasai adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with their agricultural neighbours in the Rift Valley. The Kwavi Maasai became mixed farmers.

1. They influenced Communities like the Nandi who adopted the institution of Prophet or diviner from the institution of Laibon among the Maasai.

The Highland Nilotes.

They comprise the kalenjin speakers namely the Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Keiyo, Pokot and Sabaot. They are believed to be the earliest Nilotic speakers in Kenya. This evidenced from the narratives of their neighbours like the Luo.

Their traditions point their original homeland to be a place to the north-western part of Kenya, between Sudan and Ethiopia.

Why they migrated;

1. They might have been Escaping from internal enemies causing clan or family feuds.
2. There was population pressure in their area of origin forcing them to look for new land for settlement.

• They were fleeing the outbreak of diseases and epidemics that affected both people and animals.

1. They were escaping famine and drought.
2. They fled constant attacks from their neighbours.
3. They were also looking for better lands for cultivation.

• The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure.

They began migrating from their cradleland in around 600AD. By 700AD, some Kalenjin groups like the Sirikwa were already occupying the rift valley.

Some were later pushed out of the Mt. Elgon region by the incoming Bantu and plain Nilotes. Those that remained include the Bok, Bongomek and Kony. The Terik later migrated to western Kenya and greatly borrowed from the Bantu, adopting a new name, Tiriki.

The Nandi.

They were pushed out of the Mt. Elgon region between 1700 and 1800 by the incoming Maasai. The decline of the Maasai in the 19th c made them rise to become a formidable group that conducted raids against their neighbours like the Abaluhyia and Luo.

Their power only declined due to colonization.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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The Kipsigis.

They are believed to have separated together with the Nandi from other kalenjin groups at around Mt. Elgon region around AD1600. They moved south east to Teo, near Lake Baringo. Due to the Maasai attacks, they moved westwards to Tambach where they stayed for a long period. They later moved southwards to Rongai near Nakuru.

They only separated from the Nandi due to drought and the Maasai Raids on the Nandi.

The Kipsigis moved further south to Kericho while the Nandi moved to Aldai during the 2nd half of 18th c. The Kipsigis settled at Kipsigis Hills forming a strong community that assimilated the legendary Sirikwa and some Maasai and Abagusii groups. They were for a long time allies of the Nandi.

What factors contributed to the Nandi and Kipsigis split during the mid 18th Century.

1. Maasai attacks on the two communities forcing each group to find its own means of Defence.
2. Drought which caused scattering in search of food and pasture.
3. Constant conflicts over the limited resources in the region leading to warfare and final split.

Results of the Highland Nilotes migration

1. It increased intercommunity conflicts in the region.
2. Some of the Kalenjin groups assimilated Bantu cultures while their culture was also assimilated by other groups. The Terik for example borrowed many Bantu vocabularies and customs.

• They intermarried with other groups in the region, such as the Abagusii and the Luo.

1. Their migration increased trading activities in the region.
2. They displaced the people they came across e.g. the Abagusii and the Kwavi Maasai.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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Explain the results of the interactions between the various Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period.

1. Through the inter-tribal wars, there was loss of lives and destruction of property hence economic decline.
2. Many communities were displaced as new ones arrived. E.g when the Luos arrived, Abagusii and sections of the Abaluhyia were displaced. Etc.

• The constant raids as a means of interaction led to some communities seeking for refugee in secure places. E.g the Abagusii too refugee in the present Kisii highland due to the Kipsigis, Nandi and Maasai raids in 1800AD.

1. A sense of unity developed among some communities e.g. among the Luo, as a means of
2. Defence against attacks by the Maasai, Nandi and Abaluhyia.
3. Tension between various communities was reduced as they interacted through intermarriages e.g. between the Agikuyu and the Maasai.

• Some new customs found their way into various communities. E.g the Bantu and the nilotes learned of circumcision and age set system from the southern Cushites.
• New technology infused into various communities. E.g. the Bantu and the nilotes learned the art of cattle milking and bleeding, irrigation and manuring from the southern Cushites.

1. Specialization emerged mainly due to inter-community trade in the region.
2. There was also increased wealth in some communities. For example through the trade between the Agikuyu and the Akamba, some Agikuyu gained wealth.
3. New economic activities sprung up in some communities. E.g. the Maasai adopted crop cultivation from the Agikuyu.

• The Bantu language was enriched through the borrowing of some vocabulary from the southern Cushites.
• The Abakuria were able to develop into a distinct ethnic group as a result of constant raids from the Maasai and the Luo.

THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

FORM 1 CRE NOTES

TOPIC FOUR: FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM

BACKGROUND TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM (Genesis 11:24-32, 12)

Introduction

The background to the call of Abraham is found in the first book of the Bible. This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning “Beginning”. The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation. 

Background

Abraham lived with his father Terah who had three sons: Abraham, Nahor and Haran at a place called Ur of the Chaldeans.Abraham married Sarai, Nahor married Milkah . Haran had a son called Lot. Abraham’s father lived among people who worshiped many gods. One of the god’s whom people of Ur worshipped was the moon. This worship of many gods is referred to as polytheism.

Haran died in Ur and thereafter Terah moved with Abraham alongside his wife Sarai and Lot from Ur to Haran. Terah died in Haran at the age of 205 years. It was after this that God called Abraham at 75 years old. He was told to…..”Leave your country, your relatives and your father’s home and go to a land that I am going to show you”. Abraham obeyed God’s call. He left Haran for a land that was unknown to him. He took his property his wife Sarah and his nephew lot. At the time of the call of Abraham, he was known as Abram and his wife Sarai. God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah. Abraham means Father of many nations while Sarah means mother of nations.

On arrival in Canaan, he travelled and came to a place called Shechem. God appeared to him once more. Abraham built an altar for the lord at this place. Altars are places of worship. They were regarded as holy and were manifestations of God’s presence. An altar was made of stones.

After sometime, he separated with his nephew Lot due to their servants having strife over water for their livestock. Abraham left Canaan due to feminine. He went to Egypt.

2. Read GENESIS, chapter 11 (24 – 32) and chapter 12 (1 – 9)

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM (HEBREWS 11: 1 – 6)

1. THE MEANING OF FAITH
2. Faith is a strong belief, a complete trust or confidence in someone or something.
3. It is also a firm belief, which is not based on any scientific or logical proof.

• Faith in God is an attitude of complete trust in God.

1. It is not based on concrete or tangible objects.
2. Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer.

Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways.

1. HOW ABRAHAM DEMONSTRATED HIS FAITH IN GOD.
2. Although Abraham was old, he left Haran to go to a strange unknown land of Canaan.
3. After he settled in Canaan, Abraham was assured by God of his protection and was given other promises such as he will get a son, and Abraham believed God. Sarah gave birth to a son when she was

• 90 years old and Abraham was around 120 years old. This was as the lord had promised Abraham.

1. The son was named Isaac that means “laughter” – because Sarah had laughed when she was told that she would have a child in her old age. The child Isaac was circumcised when he was eight (8) days old.
2. Abraham was told by God to circumcise all males in his household including himself. He obeyed.
3. When Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son Isaac to God, he was ready to do so.

• Abraham believed that God would fulfil all the promises he had given to him
• Abraham demonstrated his faith by building altars

Explain the relevance of Abraham’s faith in God to Christians today.

1. With faith, Christians became vessels of God‟s intension just like God renewed his relationship with mankind through Abraham.
2. Faith enables Christians to withstand challenges just like Abraham did.

• In faith, Christians refrain from bad practices, just like Abraham abandoned polytheism and became monotheistic in Yahweh.

1. God expects Christians to have definite faith in him. Abraham obeyed God by leaving Haran for Canaan.
2. Faith in God leads to success. Abraham‟s wife Sarah bore a son out of faith in God.
3. By faith, God provides all necessities like he provided a ram for sacrifice instead of his son Isaac.

• Christians: the descendants of Abraham will automatically receive blessings just like God blessed Abraham as long as they remain obedient and faithful to God.
• Christians are assured of eternal life, just like Abraham secured Canaan by faith.

1. By faith, Christians should abide by God‟s directives without question, just as Abraham heeded God‟s command.
2. GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM (GENESIS 12:2-3, 15:1-21, 21, 17:1-8,17:15-18)

A promise is giving an assurance of something to someone. The promises God gave to Abraham were that:

1. God told him he would give him a land. His descendants would be given the land of Canaan to dwell in
2. His name would be made famous

• His descendants will be many. Abraham would be made a great nation.

1. God would protect him
2. He was promised a son of their own
3. God would bless him

• God would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him
• Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age

1. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions
2. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY (Gen. 12: 2 –3, 15: 1 – 21, 21:1 – 7, 17: 15 – 18)

God called Abraham from idol worship in the same way God continues to call people to serve him.

1. Through Abraham, God had a plan to restore the relationship between man and God
2. Christians receive the promises of blessings from God through Abraham (Gods promises to Abraham fulfilled through Christians)

• As Abraham left his own people, Christians should leave their sinful lives and put their whole trust in God.

1. Abraham is seen as the descendant not only of the Israelites but also of Christians
2. Christians have faith that God fulfils promises to them as he did to Abraham
3. Christians are assured of God’s protection

• Through God’s dealing with Abraham, God shows that he values a personal relationship with human kind.
• Through Jesus Christ Christians enter into an everlasting covenant with God. Just like Abraham entered into a covenant with God.

1. The promise to Abraham of Canaan promised land is to Christians the hope for new land – heaven
2. God continues to make promises to those who believe him
3. Abraham is the ancestor (Father) of all believers)

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

COVENANT

A covenant is a solemn agreement between two persons or two groups of people. An agreement is between two separated parties. It’s a pact, a treaty. When it is a covenant, it conveys a union or partnership.

 Characteristics / components of a covenant

There are components or features that must be in a covenant.

1. A covenant must have a ceremony
2. sign,

• witnesses,

1. promises/vows/oaths,
2. obligations / consequences,
3. And participants.

A covenant establishes a sacrificial bond between the parties involved. There are obligations or rules by which the parties must abide by, adhere to and observe in order to keep the covenant. A covenant is an agreement and if it is broken, there are consequences for breaking it. In the Bible, there are many covenants.

Examples of covenants in the bible

1. Adamic covenant – Agreement between God and Adam
2. Noahlic Covenant – Gods covenant with Noah where God promised to preserve life of man and not to destroy it with water. The sign of the covenant is the rainbow. In Gen 9 verse 3, GOD told Noah “Everything that lives and moves will be food for you…. Just as I gave you the green plants, I now give you everything. Verse 4 says “ But you must not eat meat that has its lifeblood still in it”

• Abrahamic covenant – Gods covenant with Abraham. He promised to fulfill promises He gave to Abraham. These promises were (1) Increase numbers of descendant of Abraham. He will be father of many nations, (2) Be GOD of his descendants (3) Abraham will have a son an heir, (4) Given land of Canaan and other lands from the river of Egypt to River Euphrates, and all for heirs of Abraham (Gen. 15: 17 – 18) (5) Circumcision of all males at 8 days after birth even none Israelites living in their land (6) Covenant with Isaac

1. Mosaic Covenant – is a covenant between the Israelites and GOD. Moses led Israel to Mt. Sinai. God promised to be their God. Israelites were given the law written by GOD in “tablets of stone, with law and commands I have written for…. instruction”. (Read exodus 23).
2. Davidic Covenant – covenant between David and God – God promised him that his dynasty would rule forever.
3. Messianic Covenant – new covenant between Christians and God through Jesus Christ.

God’s covenant with Abraham and its importance (Genesis 15:1-19).

The covenant was established after God appeared to Abraham in a vision. During the visitation of God, Abraham was 100 years old and Sarah 90 years. He was promised a son. Abraham wanted assurance from God. God told him to bring him the following items for sacrifice.

Items for sacrifice

1. Three years old heifer,
2. Three years old goat,

• Three years old ram

1. A year old dove and
2. A young pigeon.

Abraham then cut these animals into two halves and placed them opposite each other.

The birds were not split.

After it was dark, smoking fire and a flaming torch suddenly appeared and passed between the pieces of animals.

Towards evening, Abraham fell into a deep sleep. While he slept the Lord appeared to him and told him that:

1. His descendants will be strangers in a foreign land and be slaves for 400 years. But they will come out of this land with a lot of wealth and God will punish the nation that will enslave Israelites.
2. He, Abraham will live up to a ripe age, and die in peace. Then the Lord made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him and his descendants the land of Canaan. God himself passed through the sacrifices and bound himself to keep the promises.

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

Characteristics of the covenant between God and Abraham

1. It was initiated by God
2. It was solemn/ permanent

• It was unconditional/ between unequal

1. They were promises to be fulfilled
2. It had a sign- circumcision
3. It was sealed through the sacrifice
4. It was voluntarily

Signs of the unconditional covenant between God and Abraham

1. Circumcision
2. Change of names

• Smoking fire pot

1. Flaming torch
2. Countless stars
3. Birds of prey

IMPORTANCE OF THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND ABRAHAM (GEN. 15: 1- 19)

1. God bound himself in a personal relationship with a human being
2. As God passed through the meat, he showed Abraham he would always protect him. This passed on to the descendants of Abraham
3. This covenant between God and Abraham begins a lasting relationship between God and all the nations of the earth.
4. Throughout this covenant God was initiating his plan of salvation for human kind
5. The promises made to Abraham were fulfilled in New Testament blood of the lamb – death of Jesus Christ
6. It emphasized the importance of faith followed by obedience that Abraham shared.

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

1.  COVENANTS IN MODERN LIFE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Modern covenants are

1. Marriage
2. Loyalty

• Baptism

1. Oaths
2. Ordination in Church
3. Employment contract5s

• Contracts when buying land.

1. Marriage ceremony.

In marriage, the bride, bridegroom and their families come together. When the two families come together a relationship is developed. They make an agreement and both sides are seriously involved in the ceremony, whether the marriage is civil or religious. During the marriage ceremony the couple makes vows/promises to each other, before a priest/ pastor and the congregation.

Two officials witness these agreements. Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony (sign) of this agreement. There is eating and drinking.

In a Christian baptism, a covenant is entered into between the believer and God. The believer makes vows before God. The priest and the whole congregation witness this agreement. In some churches, a card is issued to the person who has been baptized as a sign of Christian membership. The baptized can now take the Holy Communion, which is a Christian Ceremony. But when an infant is baptized, parents take the vows on behalf of the child.

• Loyalty / oath.

Leaders in public service for example the president, ministers, Members of Parliament, and chief officers are sworn in before they take over their new responsibilities. They swear (take an oath) and promise to carry out their duties firmly and without fear or favour.

1. Ordination of the clergy.

Church leaders, nuns and priests take oaths and make vows to God and to the congregation in a ceremony attended by worshippers.

The importance of modern day covenants

1. They bind different groups
2. They act as a security

• They strengthen relationships

1. They unite people together
2. They create loyalty
3. They create peace, harmony and bring a sense of permanence.

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

1. THE TESTING OF ABRAHAM’S FAITH (GEN. 22: 1 – 18)

God tested Abraham’s faith by asking him to go and sacrifice his only son Isaac. This was the son he loved so much. He was to travel to Mount Moriah. On reaching Mt. Moriah, he built an altar, and arranged wood on it. He tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. He lifted a knife to kill him. “But the Angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven. Abraham! Abraham! Do not lay a hand on the boy…Do not do anything to him. Now i know you that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son” (v 11-12). Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God.

God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain “the Lord provided” God was pleased with

Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants’ victory, and protection.

Activity. Read Genesis 12:1 – 9, 15:1 – 6, 17:23 – 24, 21:1 – 7, 22:1-19

Lessons Christians learn from the incidence when Abraham was willing to sacrifice his own son Isaac

1. They should have absolute faith in God
2. They should remain obedient to God

• They should be ready to face challenges in worship

1. They should not despair in God
2. They should be ready to surrender everything for God
3. They should be ready to serve God in order to attain blessings

• They should amalgamate family members in worship
• Wisdom and bravery should be part and parcel of their dealings in life.

IMPORTANCE OF FAITH IN CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY

1. A Christian today is acceptable to God through his faith in God through Jesus Christ. Without faith it is impossible to please God.
2. A Christian can only serve God if he has faith in him. Faith enables a Christian to serve God

• Faith enables a Christian to accomplish what appears to be impossible

1. Through faith, Christians are able to trust God to fulfil his promises to them
2. Faith is the foundation of the Christians salvation
3. Faith in God gives a Christian the power to overcome all temptations.

• Christians should expect to have their faith tested just like Abraham was.
• Faith enables Christians to patiently wait on God’s promises

1. Christians through faith in God help the poor, make right decisions and are able to understand and know God better.

JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION

1. IMPORTANCE OF CIRCUMCISION TO ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS (GEN. 17: 1 – 16)

The rite of circumcision was started by Abraham and has been practiced by the Jews up to the present times.

In the Old Testament, it was important because,

• Through circumcision: God assured Abraham that he would fulfil His promises to him.
• Circumcision was a sign that Abraham and his descendants had entered into a covenant with God. It was an outward sign of inner faith.
• Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews
• It was a sign of obedience to God
• It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament,
• Circumcision doesn’t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God.[the_ad id=”1178″]d and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed.

1. CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES

Circumcision is one of the rites of passage among the African people. It marks the transition from one stage to another. Many ethnic communities in Kenya still practice the rite of circumcision. During circumcision ceremonies, prayers are offered to God for the well being of the initiates (those who are being circumcised) and the prosperity of the whole community. Initiates learn secrets of their community and society. They are taught myths, origin, religious beliefs, and sex education. In some communities, initiates are given new names or ornaments to signify their new status.

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FORM 1 CRE NOTES

1. c. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION

Similarities

In both Jewish and African communities, circumcision:

1. It is a mark of identity
2. Provided a sense of belonging

• Was observed as a religious experience

1. was compulsory
2. Was a tradition passed from one generation to another .
3. It is a time for shedding blood

• Was a time for offering prayers to God for the well being of the initiates
• Was a time for giving gifts

1. Was a ceremony for initiation
2. Was a time for giving the initiates names
3. Took place in sacred places.

Differences

1. Circumcision was a rite for boys while in African society it was for both boys and girls. But it was for boys in a few communities.
2. Boys were circumcised when aged 8 days I Jews while in the African society; it was between 15 to 25 years old.

• Circumcision was for boy’s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others.

1. Circumcision was a command from God while for the African communities it was in obedience to customary law where ancestors were invoked to protect the initiates.

• Among the African societies Circumcision was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood while for the Jews it was not.

1. Among the African societies Circumcision the initiates were given specialized education while the Jews were not.

• Among the African societies Circumcision the initiates were grouped into age groups, and were secluded from the community while among the Jews it was not so.
• Among the African societies the rite of circumcision according to seasons while the Jews once a child is born, they are circumcised on the 8th day.

1. Among the African societies after circumcision, the initiates were allowed to marry, enter a warrior group, own property but for the Jews the initiate was still a child.

Does marriage qualify to be a covenant?

1. Husband and Wife are parties
2. It involve witness

• It has a sign (a ring)

1. Promises and vows are given
2. A ceremony is held inform of a wedding
3. A marriage certificate acts as a seal.

Show how the promises to Abraham were latter fulfilled

1. Abraham acquired a son Isaac
2. Abraham and his descendants settled in Canaan

• The Israelites were rescued from Egyptian bondage

1. Abraham died in a good ripe age
2. Jesus Christ descended from Abraham
3. Present Christians are a great nation promised to Abraham

• Abraham had many descendants the present Christians

FORM 1 CRE NOTES

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Revision questions

1. Explain why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith
2. Give five actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith to God
3. List some of the promises God gave to Abraham
4. Compare and contrast the Jewish and traditional African practice of circumcision
5. What is the importance of faith to Christians?
6. State the elements of a covenant
7. Give examples of covenants in the bible and the modern society
8. Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham

FORM 1 CRE NOTES, TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SECONDARY SCHOOL NOTES TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY

Introduction to Geography

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The meaning of Geography

• Scientific study of the earth as a home of man.
• Study of interrelationship on natural and human phenomena on the earth’s surface.

Environment

• The surroundings
• All external conditions surrounding an organism which has influence over its behavior.

Environment can be divided into two:

1. The Physical Environment

• Natural physical conditions of weather, climate, vegetation, animals, soil, landforms and drainage.
  2. The Human Environment
• Human activities such as farming, forestry, mining, tourism, settlement, transportation, trade and industry.

INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY

Branches of Geography

The TWO main Branches are Physical and Human and Economic Geography

1. Physical Geography – Deals with the study of natural physical environment of human kind. The areas covered include:
   1. Geology-study of the origin, structure and composition of the earth. It includes study of rocks.
   2. Geomorphology- the study of internal and external land forming processes and landforms.
   3. Climatology- the study of climate and weather
   4. Pedology- the study of soils
   5. Biogeography – the study of soils, vegetation and animals.
   6. Hydrology- the study of water bodies
   7. Spatial geography-study of space

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2.Human and Economic Geography – Study of people and their activities on the earth’s surface. The areas covered include:

1. Mining
2. Forestry
3. Agriculture
4. Fishing
5. Wildlife and tourism
6. Industry
7. Energy etc.

3. Practical Geography – A smaller branch which equips the learner with practical skills that enhance their understanding and interpretation of human and physical geographical information. The areas are:

1. Statistical methods
2. Map work
3. Field work
4. Photograph work

Importance of Studying Geography

1. Facilitates good relationship among nations by studying geography of other regions of the world.
2. it’s a career subject in that it enables one to go for advanced studies in specialised fields e.g. geography teachers, meteorology, surveying etc.
3. Enables us to appreciate other people’s way of life by learning economic activities of different communities within our country and other parts of the world.
4. Enables us to conserve our environment when we learn negative and positive effects of human activities on the environment.
5. Enables us to conserve our resources when we learn wise use of resources in conservation and management of resources e.g. wildlife, forests, energy, etc.
6. Inculcates in us virtues of cooperation and patience as we work in groups.
7. Makes us to appreciate manual work as we are involved in practical geography which may lead to self employment.
8. Promotion of industry such as tourism by guiding tourists to places of interest by using maps, calculations of distances etc.

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Relationship between Geography and Other Subjects

1. Mathematics-mathematical techniques are used in drawing graphs and pie charts and mathematical formulae are used in geography to calculate distances, areas, population density, population densities, etc.
2. History-history uses geographical tools like maps, charts and graphs to show where past events took place e.g. the movement of people in the past.
3. Biology-Geography explains the distribution of organisms and factors influencing their distribution on the earth’s surface.
4. Physics-geography uses physics principles and formulae to calculate and describe aspects such as magnetic field, gravity, vibrations of the earth etc.
5. Chemistry-geography applies chemistry in studying chemical composition and chemical changes which take place in soils and rocks.
6. Agriculture-geography studies farming systems, their distribution and factors affecting farming activities.
7. Meteorology-geography uses meteorological information in the study of weather and in classifying climatic regions and mapping them.
8. Geology-geography studies rocks.

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FORM ONE CRE NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

FORM ONE CRE NOTES

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TOPIC ONE

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Definition of Christian Religious Education (CRE)

Christian Religious Education is the study of God’s revelation to human beings through scriptures, the persons of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.

Why do schools study CRE?

There are many reasons why schools study CRE. Some of the reasons are to:

1. Enable you to develop a personal relationship with God.
2. Help you to acquire basic principles of Christian living.

• Help you to develop a sense of self-respect and respect for others.

1. Help you to develop positive attitudes and values, which help you to cope with challenges of life.
2. Contribute to the moral and spiritual development of students.
3. Help you to contribute positively to the transformation of an individual and the society as whole.

• Help you to identify answers to situations of life, including death and Eternal life.
• Help learners to identify answers to life’s questions.

1. Promotes international consciousness.
2. Help you to understand yourself.
3. Promote cultural integration.

• Enable you to acquire a better understanding of God.
• Unite people.
• Guide you in choosing a career

1. Help you to appreciate African religious heritage and other religions.

• Promote living values such as honesty concern for others, kindness, love and unity.

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How the teaching of C.R.E help to promote National Unity in Kenya.

• It helps one to appreciate man as God’s creation.
• Helps one to appreciate that God created everybody irrespective of their background.
• Helps one to care for others and love for others.
• Helps to share and help others in times of need.
• Helps one to understand the Universality of God.
• Helps one to appreciate everybody’s culture as good.
• Helps to appreciate other people’s religion.
• Helps to promote national unity because of common syllabus and examinations.
• Helps to promote international consciousness.
• As a subject, it is studied by student of different backgrounds and religions.

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KISWAHILI SET BOOKS NOTES

KISWAHILI SET BOOKS NOTES

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ENGLISH SET BOOKS NOTES AND SUMMARIES WITH REVISIONS QUESTIONS

ENGLISH SET BOOKS NOTES

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FORM 1 MATHEMATICS NOTES

FORM 1 MATHEMATICS NOTES

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1. NATURAL NUMBERS – NOTES AND EXAMS

2. FACTORS – NOTES AND EXAMS

3. DIVISIBILITY TESTS -NOTES AND EXAMS

4. GCD AND LCM -NOTES AND EXAMS

5. INTEGERS – NOTES AND EXAMS

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7. DECIMAL FRACTIONS -NOTES AND EXAMS

8. SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS – NOTES AND EXAMS

9. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS – NOTES AND EXAMS

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10. RATES RATIO PROPORTION AND PERCENTAGE –  NOTES AND EXAMS

11. LENGTH -NOTES AND EXAMS

12. AREA – NOTES AND EXAMS

13. VOLUME AND CAPACITY –  NOTES AND EXAMS

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14. MASS WEIGHT AND DENSITY – NOTES AND EXAMS

15-TIME –  NOTES AND EXAMS

16. LINEAR EQUATIONS – NOTES AND EXAMS

17. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS –  NOTES AND EXAMS

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18. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETICS –  NOTES AND EXAMS

19. COORDINATES AND GRAPHS –  NOTES AND EXAMS

20. ANGLES AND PLANE FIGURES –  NOTES AND EXAMS

21. GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION – NOTES AND EXAMS

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22. SCALE DRAWING – NOTES AND EXAMS

23. COMMON SOLIDS –  NOTES AND EXAMS

24.REVISION EXERCISE 2

25. REVISION EXERCISE

26. SQUAREROOT OF NUMBERS

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